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People wearing masks

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

Germ theory helped to usher in the widespread use of cloth masks.
… of often vitriolic public debates. Both futuristic and somehow archaic at the same time, millions now depend on … Managing Editors Lauren Henry and Sarah Paxton ; Associate Editors: Mina Park and Kristin Osborne We thank the … for the Humanities. Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this content do not necessarily …
A military reservist, called to service in the wake of the disaster, involved in the decontamination process.

Chernobyl and the Cost of Lies

… cost of lies?” This question, posed by scientist Valery Legasov (Jared Harris) opens HBO’s Chernobyl and is the central … the explosion. A plant employee at work, mid-1980s. In any complex system, accidents are inevitable, but the Soviet … ascendancy the Soviet Union wanted to project was a lie. Commitment to this image by Soviet authorities meant that …
Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Justus Sustermans

400 Years Ago the Catholic Church Prohibited Copernicanism

What lessons can be learned from the thought and actions of Galileo, who became the “Father of Modern Science”?
… continues to our day. Do these Church actions prove the incompatibility between science and religion? What lessons can be learned from the thought and actions of Galileo, … into trouble. A geocentric model of the solar system (top) compared to the heliocentric model (bottom) Galileo …
2009 Tour de France winner Alberto Contador

The Tour de France and The Yellow Jersey

In 1919, Eugene Christophe was awarded the first yellow jersey, but he did not win the Tour de France that year.
… the race. [Correction: As of 2022, France has held 7 races solely in France since 1947.] Written by Darcy Benson. Narration by Nicholas B. Breyfogle. Video production by … Darcy Benson … Europe …
French people waving flags and holding "Liberation" sign

The Liberation of Paris

On August 25th, 1944, Paris was liberated after more than four years of Nazi occupation.
… about this important moment in World War II, as well as the soldiers and civilians who took part in the liberation. Written … Editors Lauren Henry, Sarah Paxton and Brionna Mendoza; Associate Editor: Mina Park and Kristin Osborne We thank the … Europe …
flags of countries

Whither the Nation-State?

… up the existing international state system-the Council of Europe issued a first-time declaration on October 9, 1993 … became painfully aware of this when numbers of their soldiers were killed in Somalia under the direction of a United … historian Eugen Weber Nationalism in the Twentieth Century points out that the "French" spoke a mosaic of regional …
An Armenian woman leans over her dead child near Aleppo, Syria,1915.

On the Armenian Genocide

… On April 24, 2015, much of the world will commemorate the centennial of one of the most highly … that the facts of the matter are in doubt, said something absurd, like “There was no genocide, and the … into the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896,” Comparative Studies in Society and History , XXIV, 3 (July 1982), pp. …
Cover of Caesar A Life in Western Culture by Maria Wyke.

A Man for All Seasons

Review of Caesar: A Life in Western Culture, by Maria Wyke (Chicago 2008)
… her work into chapters focusing on the individual episodes of Caesar's life that she has chosen.  Chapter 2 … Whereas in the 20th century, Caesar could just as easily become the savage conqueror again, someone to be resisted … who would finally surrender to Caesar in 51 B.C., would become the symbol of the revolutionary spirit in 19th- and …
portrait of Shevchenko by Ukrainian artist Ilia Shulha, titled Taras Shevchenko Returning from Exil by Boat.

Taras Shevchenko, Poet of Ukraine

Taras Shevchenko is not just the founder of the modern Ukrainian literary language, he is also the most important symbol of modern Ukrainian nationhood.
… founder of the modern Ukrainian literary language, he is also the most important symbol of modern Ukrainian nationhood. … founder of the modern Ukrainian literary language, he is also the most important symbol of modern Ukrainian nationhood. … Europe …
1917 Socialist-Realist worker image

The October Revolution in Russia

Bolshevik Red Guards took control of the Russian capital from the provisional government October 1917.
… known as the Bolsheviks carried out “the Great October Socialist Revolution.”  Written by David L. Hoffmann. … Editors Lauren Henry, Sarah Paxton, and Renae Sullivan; Associate Editors: Mina Park and Stephen Richardson We thank the  Stanton Foundation  for their funding of …
The 114 infantry in Paris, July 14, 1927, Leon Gimpel

November 11, 1918: The End of World War I?

On the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, the Armistice went into effect, silencing the guns of the Western Front and ending the First World War. Or so the story goes.
… of the Western Front and ending the First World War. Or so the story goes. … Europe …
children, men, women and soldiers during WWII

10 Great World War II Films

Focusing on films that “do” history well; that is, offer meaningful interpretations about the past or otherwise engage thoughtfully with previous interpretations of the past.
Magna Carta document and British Flag

The Legacy of the Magna Carta

June 15, 1215, witnessed the signing of the landmark Magna Carta, the medieval English historic legal document that is seen as the origin of many modern-day legal rights and constitutional principles.
… witnessed the signing of the landmark Magna Carta, the medieval English historic legal document that is seen as the … witnessed the signing of the landmark Magna Carta, the medieval English historic legal document that is seen as the … Europe … Medieval …
This painting by Jean-Baptiste de Saive (1562) portrays the environment of the kitchen as a place of making. As Wall argues, the kitchen was one of the main spaces for women to create and experiment.

Kitchen Wisdom

Review of Recipes for Thought: Knowledge and Taste in the Early Modern English Kitchen, by Wendy Wall (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016).
… methods of creating pleasurable tastes. Wendy Wall—a professor of English at Northwestern University—unlatches a door … legacy and identity, verifying truth, and even forging community. Recipes were not only for the creation of tasty … trial and error to find cures for a variety of maladies (215-6). Authors of these texts wrote down their …
men fighting with swords and some are on horseback

The Battle of Bosworth Field

The Battle of Bosworth Field was one of the last major battles of the Wars of the Roses, a decades-long conflict between the House of York and the House of Lancaster over claims to the English throne.
This universally recognized symbol of the poppy is evoked every Remembrance Day. Source, Charles Pachter.

What Have We Learned from The Great War?: Canadian Historians' Views

… symbol of the poppy is evoked every Remembrance Day. Source, Charles Pachter . During the twentieth century, … Lest We Forget , by contemporary artist Charles Pachter commemorates the centenary of the First World War. Accompanied by an online series of essays , this exhibition …
Flag of Israel with landscape of Israel in the background

Leaving Zion: Jewish Emigration from Palestine and Israel after World War II

… and the late 1950s. Based on previously unexamined primary sources collected from twenty-two archives in six countries, … more desirable lands. Covering events in the Middle East, Europe and the Americas, Yehudai provides a fresh … world. Ori Yehudai is the Schottenstein Chair in Israel Studies and Assistant Professor in the Department of History at …