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Mosaics from the apse in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna. Justinian is the figure in the center. The mosaics were completed in 547 CE.

The Justinianic Plague

… reportedly a casualty of the disease, although he did not die from it. Mosaics from the apse in the Basilica of San … Justinian is the figure in the center. The mosaics were completed in 547 CE. Because there have been multiple … that Justinian’s government had to direct the removal of bodies from the city and their mass burial outside the walls. …

The Long Legacy of World War I

… democracies, and political experiments such as Bolshevik communism. Much of Europe lay in tatters and virtually an … world. The Lost Generation: Keeping Watch over Absent Bodies by Bruno Cabanes The First World War was a crucial … its conscripts, Romania 26%, and Bulgaria 23%. Italian soldiers killed in a trench in Slovenia during World War I ( …
Henry Ford with a Model T in 1921.

What Bill Ford Is Learning from Great-Grandpa

… Now that Ford Motor Company has announced its “Way Forward” restructuring plan, … proclaim that “Innovation Is Our Mission,” he rightly points to the company’s long record of innovation in … pictures and words in ads was certainly a risk. When Henry died in 1947, his once heroic reputation had sunk so low — …

The Soccer World Goes to South Africa: Sport and the Making of Modern Africa

… of the re-admittance of South Africa to the international community. To many, winning a rugby tournament might seem to … for protest: sport. The major international sport bodies acted, albeit slowly. When their calls for … is a very difficult thing, let alone going to look for the website of FIFA to apply for a ticket. It is going to block …
 Pinterest Hien Luong Bridge - Ben Hai River, Quang Tri, Vietnam

Vietnam Revisited: Forty Years after the Paris Peace Accord

… It was then the longest war in U.S. history; although commonly dated as beginning in 1965 with American bombing … at times tortured, brutalized, and killed by American soldiers in search-and-destroy missions. The total number of Americans who died or are missing in the war is just over 58,000, while …
In an address to a joint-session of the US Congress on September 20, 2001, US President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban deliver Osama bin Laden and destroy bases of al-Qaeda.

Bush Should Consider the Fate of Wartime Presidents

… nation must choose between alternative ways of life, “communist or free,” Truman declared. Truman shook off fears … not permanent safety. As dreams of destroying communism died, Truman’s approval ratings steadily declined. When the … Vietnam? Guerrilla war erases the line between enemy soldiers and civilians. The world is already uneasy about a war …
A memorial to Holocaust victims in front of a Jewish cemetery.

A Postcard from Berlin: Confronting a Troubled Past

… dot the landscape and stand beside opera houses and statues commemorating prominent figures of German cultural heritage. … and live. One of the better examples is the “Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas” or the Memorial to the … the Berlin Wall itself. The city honors ordinary people who died trying to cross the border as well as those who …
A bus that has been blown up by terrorists

A Who’s Who of Jihadi Terrorism in Europe

Review of Islamist Terrorism in Europe: A History, by Petter Nesser (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
… of Charlie Hebdo in 2015. Looking at specific case studies of terrorist cells and associated acts of terrorism , … of leadership, funding, training and recruitment. Nesser points out that the roots of jihadist terrorism lay in the … European cells in Europe and established its own cells commanded directly by leaders in Afghanistan. Despite being …

Who's not to Blame in the South Korea-Japan Spat?

… Korean President Moon Jae-in on August 2, 2019. “We have come this far today by overcoming countless hardships. Just … as Moon, has used the anti-Japan card to score political points, much to the consternation of the United States, … slavery by the military to provide “comfort” to Japanese soldiers at “comfort stations” dispersed throughout Japan’s …
Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England, by Juliet Barker Little, Brown and Company book cover.

Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England

Review of Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England, by Juliet Barker Little, Brown and Company (New York, 2006)
… successful, effort to draw the reader in to the late medieval mindset prevalent among the nobility at the time, … this ability to immerse herself in the late medieval point of view is both a strength and the primary … unalloyed sense of justification: She announces that the outcome of the battle of Agincourt showed "God had chosen to …

Tradition vs Charisma: The Sunni-Shi'i Divide in the Muslim World

… in the Islamic world and the reasons why they have become so explosive in Iraq, it is hardly surprising that … but they have not bombed each other's pubs over the fine points of Christian theology. Northern Irish Christians have … individuals accepted the authority of scripture as embodied in the Quran and the hadith , and recognized the …
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and outgoing President Herbert Hoover on Inauguration Day in 1933.

COVID, the New Deal, and the Importance of Leadership

… the names and brief obituary information of people who had died. The New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in … everyone thought Roosevelt was up to the task. Political commentator Walter Lippmann called him “a kind of amiable … to act to help people and not simply to score political points, is essential. Roosevelt was a masterful politician …
Emperor Süleyman

Süleyman the Magnificent

… his empire. When Süleyman was made sultan, his kingdom encompassed the peoples and territories of the Balkans, … to come under Ottoman rule. Years later, Süleyman himself died “peacefully” in his command tent while leading his last … reign, lasts forever. Want to Learn More? Uriel Heyd's Studies in Old Ottoman Criminal Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, …
Civil Rights March on Washington in 1963.

President’s Commission on Race a Failure

… President Clinton’s commission on race relations is dead on arrival. Most Americans had wished it success. They had hoped that commission members’ resolve and wisdom would move attention … is a professor of African American history at San Diego State University. His most recent book is "Seeing Red: …
Nuuk, Greenland skyline with the aurora borealis.

Greenland Fantasies

… parties, struggle with their sexuality, track “likes” and “comments” on Facebook, experience domestic abuse, and dream … southwestern part of the island around 985 CE.  The medieval  Norse  settlers relied on the ecological niches of … Arctic .  Copenhagen believed the early presence of the medieval Norse Greenlanders made a clear case for Danish …
Close-up of Indian couple's hands during wedding ceremony

Reproductive Politics and the Making of Modern India

… aimed to reform reproduction to transform both individual bodies and the body politic. Across the political spectrum, … economic development, and to transforming both individual bodies and the body politic. The book investigates the often … in their train will be our lot.” So, she was making two points. One is that birth control is a woman's right echoing …
Cover of 428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire by Giusto Traina.

The End of the World as They Knew It

Review of 428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire, by Giusto Traina (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. pp. xix, 203. Trans. by Allan Cameron)
… sphere of influence. In this context Flavius Dionysius, commander of Rome's eastern military forces and a native of … outfoxed the Romans; Flavius was sent to accept this fait accompli . In the next two chapters, Traina continues to … book that is unique for the field of late antique studies. The book's great strength (and its focus) is its …
In 2014, the debate about the underlying causes of "long, hot summers" remerged with the high-profile police killings of Michael Brown, Tamir Rice, Eric Garner, and others.

Long Hot Summers and Separate Societies

Review of Separate and Unequal: The Kerner Commission and the Unraveling of American Liberalism, by Steven M. Gillon (New York: Basic Books, 2018)
… Do the police reify inequality by targeting low-income communities of color or are they the “thin blue line” … Fifty years ago, those urban riots resulted in the Kerner Commission Report. The Kerner Report pointed the finger at … Review of Separate and Unequal: The Kerner Commission and the Unraveling of American Liberalism , by …
Cover of Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend by Richard Stoneman.

Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend

Review of Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend, by Richard Stoneman (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2008)
… birth narrative takes a markedly different approach. It comes to us via Firdausi's Shahnameh (Book of Kings), … mystery, gold, and enchantment. Later ancient and medieval romantic depictions of the East would be based on … chapters to this theme and discusses it at various other points in the book. Central to Alexander's quest for …
A crowd of protesters at night in Sudan

Sudan: Popular Protests, Today and Yesterday

… of living, demonstrators soon widened their criticisms to encompass the full impact of Bashir’s three decades in power: … transcript has been edited for clarity.] Lauren Henry    Welcome to History Talk , the podcast that brings together … Rhodes. Song and band information can be found on our website. And you can find our podcasts and more on …
a Galapagos sea turtle swimming in the ocean

What’s “Natural” on the Galapagos Islands?

The youngest, westernmost islands are still volcanically active and are thought to be no more than 700,000 thousand years old.
… devoid of animal or plant life. This initial isolation, combined with its location at the confluence of three … sexual arousal and copulation to rearing, socializing, and diet. For example, since tortoises’ sex is …
View of Tbilisi as seen from Narikala, the city's medieval citadel.

A Postcard from Georgia and Azerbaijan

… cultures, and belief systems. In the Late Antique and medieval eras, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Islam, and … was crucified. Elias bought Jesus’ robe from a Roman soldier at Golgotha and brought it back to Mtskheta. As he … only after St. Nino spent an entire night praying for it to come back. From its bark, once it was grounded, flowed holy …