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Pullman Strike illustration

Top Ten Origins: American Workers and Strikes

… Socialist Congress meeting in Paris in July 1899. The comrades set the date in solidarity with organized workers … company police, big-city gangsters, and corrupt public officials, the miners responded in kind. The result was … using technological innovations to move plants to non-union sites while introducing automated processes that gradually …
1866 cartoon by Daumier, L’Equilibre Européen, representing the balance of power as soldiers of different nations teeter the earth on bayonets.

Democracy by Force, or by Example?

… Spreading democracy has become the nation’s principal foreign policy goal. Yet there … to fight. But many wanted the United States to do something official. Congressman Daniel Webster, ever attuned to public … one member said, should have nothing to do “with the wrongs committed by other Governments against those whom they …
Official Program: Woman Suffrage Procession, Washington DC March 3, 1913

I have many things to say (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 2)

… call the Anthony Amendment, and what would eventually become the 19th Amendment. But not for a long time. California … also employed a state focused strategy that lobbied state officials to propose state constitutional amendments … Oranjudio. Song and band information can be found on our website, and we encourage our listeners to visit episode …
Auguste Chouteau—Founder of St. Louis and Head of the Chouteau family

Blood Rules the Water: Kinship Diplomacy in Early America

Review of Masters of the Middle Waters: Indian Nations and Colonial Ambitions Along the Mississippi, by Jacob F. Lee (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019)
… his reader back to a Middle America before Europeans, as commercial and military power shifted between Mississippian … White finds that Indigenous nations and French colonial officials were forced to create new ways for cultural and … to place, Lee demonstrates that it is, in fact, a universal commonality shared by Indigenous peoples, Francophones, and …
October 23, 1983, a massive explosion ripped through the barracks of the battalion landing team (BLT) of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit at the Beirut International Airport.

Middle East Remains Unstable 30 Years after Attacks on Peacekeepers in Lebanon

… to achieve stability in the Middle East in the face of complex, multi-faceted challenges. With atrocities now … as its main base after being expelled from Jordan. Welcomed by Lebanon’s Muslims, the Maronites objected to their … with Gemayel’s faction, the peacekeeping forces remained officially neutral. However, in September, during …
 SPLM rally in Southern Sudan, 2010. (Image by U.S. Institute of Peace)

Tribal Militias in Sudan

… because SAF leader General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF commander General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemeti, … but fighting among Janjaweed collaborators. UNAMID officials say 80 to 90 percent of the violent deaths … where Arabs are in the majority. South Darfur is also the site of the most serious rebellion against the government by …
Black Panther

Searching for Wakanda: The African Roots of the Black Panther Story

… was elaborated in the next issue (#53, August 1966). Marvel Comics’ dynamic duo Stan Lee and Jack Kirby created the … , who has penned the storylines for the Black Panther comic since 2016, has also pointed to Ethiopia , a country … helped defeat forces that remained loyal to Lumumba. Official portrait of Patrice Lumumba as the Democratic …
The hazards of an enclosed work environment – a typist with cloth mask during the influenza pandemic in 1918.

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

… understandings of how disease is transmitted within the community. As a general rule, respirators function by … This served to loosen the mucus membranes and provided a comforting insulation from the cold, allowing the wearer to … of lowland Bengal took a physical toll on the soldiers and officials of the East India Company. Upon returning to …
Emperor Süleyman

Süleyman the Magnificent

… his empire. When Süleyman was made sultan, his kingdom encompassed the peoples and territories of the Balkans, … of Croatia and Hungary, allowing the bulk of Hungary to come under Ottoman rule. Years later, Süleyman himself died … curtailed by local custom. It was expected that Ottoman officials would have a knowledge of local practices and …
Mr. Ernesto Zedillo, Chair GDN Board of Directors, kicks off the 10th annual GDN conference.

Broken Promises in Mexico

… bilateral trade, illegal immigration, and joint efforts to combat drug trafficking. Political reform in Mexico should … these words of praise ring hollow. Zedillo has shown little commitment to reform. In fact, he recently supported … from a combination of patronage, fraud, and repression. PRI officials oversee a patronage network which includes most of …

Sudan in Crisis

… coexisted with Egyptian schools, missionary schools, community schools, and Sudanese private schools. In the … in northern schools, the linguistic situation was more complicated in the south, where local vernaculars, English, … tribal units from the rest of the country. Northern officials were transferred out of the south, trading permits …

The Catholic Church and Sexual Abuse, Then and Now

… changing sexual mores since the 1960s. Occasionally, commentators have referred to an insular institutional … Yet today’s crisis of the Catholic Church, which commentators have called the gravest since the Reformation , … air confessional from the Netherlands in 1740 ( right ). Official guidelines sought to curtail the risk that these …
India and Pakistan highlighted on a map.

“Open Skies” for India and Pakistan?

… Open Skies missions would provide that Indian and Pakistani officials work together on observation flights. This type of … bin Laden himself, are in that area. For the international community to finish off al-Qaida, uninterrupted cooperation …
The United States Declaration of Independence

The Writing Is Faded, the Message Lives

… And when the Declaration was examined in 1820, government officials feared that its ink was fading. In an effort to … was brilliant, but the process nearly destroyed the text. Compounding the damage was the decision in 1841 to put the … to monitor the condition of the document using a $3 million computerized camera system designed by the Jet Propulsion …
Women of the Association of Families of the Detained-Disappeared demonstrate in front of La Moneda Palace during the Pinochet military regime.

In Historical Truths, the Road to an Open Society

… were right-wing ideologues who cynically utilized fears of communism to crush opposition to their tyrannical regimes. … a new government established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), the chair of which was Archbishop Desmond … resolution prevailed because police, military and political officials had already received blanket amnesty. Nor did the …
A memorial to the Heaven’s Hundred in Kyiv. Serhii Kemsky’s photo is in black and white under the words Nebesna sotnia.

Heroes Never Die

… Maidan could unite to take direct action against government officials. “None of this will be easy,” he wrote in a …

Singapore at Fifty

… From a meagre population of 150 when the British East India Company first set up a factory and trading post on the … transactions were facilitated by the use of Chinese copper coins. Chinese currency facilitated trade not just with … of Java, which operated a currency system based on Chinese coins. A hierarchical economic relationship developed …

Aerial Torpedoes, Buzz Bombs, and Predators: The Long Cultural History of Drones

… us from the ravages of modern warfare, or if they will become the appliances of Orwellian control. What is remarkable … aerial weapons since World War I and has deployed drones in combat in every major conflict since World War II. Since … that ‘today we have destroyed New York.’” Although other officials were more restrained, the army and navy had …
Allen Weinstein

Will They Be the National (Secret) Archives?

… about government and what it has been doing. But officials often prefer to work in secrecy.  The historians' … Assassination Records, and now the files of the 9-11 commission. Decisions about access to these materials should … Collins of Maine, chair of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee and a Republican, noted in Weinstein's …
Olympic Broadcasting Services covering the men's 10 kilometre marathon swim at the 2012 Olympic Games.

The Big Game on the Small Screen: The Televised Transformation of Sport

… Contemporary televised sport, in many ways, has become a better fan experience than being there live. You get … everyone involved to both achieve a small-screen experience comparable to being there and agree that doing so was in … be called closed-circuit venues – around the country. The  official   record of the 1936 Games claims that over 160,000 …
A traditional glass of Weissbier

Keeping Beer “Pure”: The 1516 Reinheitsgebot

… the price of beer per Maß (a Bavarian liter) and to limit competition for cereal grains used to bake bread. A … or Hefeweizen ) survived in spite of the ban on wheat in commercial and private production. The Duke of Wittelsbach, … brewery in Germany. Still, just a few blocks away from the site of Munich’s famous Oktoberfest beer festival, Sead …

The Long Legacy of World War I

… democracies, and political experiments such as Bolshevik communism. Much of Europe lay in tatters and virtually an … I battlefields to reconnect with their loved ones. Others visited the tombs of the unknown warriors, under the Arc de … Great Britain, or even Germany, in Russia there was no official memorialization of its soldiers or the immense …