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Napoleon, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and King Frederick William III and Queen Louise of Prussia in Tilsit.

The Global Reach of the Napoleonic Wars

Review of The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History, by Alexander Mikaberidze (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)
… impact outside Europe than in it, he nevertheless makes a compelling case for viewing these wars as events of truly … rest of the world in a breathtakingly wide span of case studies ranging from Chile to Japan . These case studies … and on the whole, the work is focused and enjoyable. It is easy to recommend The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History for …
Dmitri Karakozov before his execution, graphite drawing by Ilya Repin in 1866

Crime and Punishment 150 Years Later

… it was being spoken about by fans of literature, who often complained about the stifling power of the novel and the … of pawnbroker Alyona Ivanovna and her sister Lizaveta committed by ex-student Rodion Raskolnikov were “the purest … Punishment was published, a student by the name of Danilov committed a similar crime: killing a moneylender and his …
Side view of an Andrew Jackson bust at the MET.

The Long Tradition of White House Sex Scandals

… married in the 1790s before her divorce had officially become final. He won the election anyway, but she died of a stress-induced heart attack before he began his … Washington boarding house and causing her first husband to commit suicide out of shame over her supposed blatant sexual …
Detail of an 8th-century silk painting depicting Wu Zeitan.

Wu Zetian: The Only Woman Emperor in Chinese History

… the Sui and established the Tang dynasty. He rose to become Minister of Works, giving Wu Zetian an early taste of … request, Yuan Tiangang—the foremost diviner of his day—studied her. Struck by her features, Yuan declared that the … the prince got involved in a taboo liaison. When Taizong died, Wu Zetian, 25, was sent to a convent, while Li Zhi …
The original Star-Spangled Banner is on view at the National Museum of American History in Washington, DC.

Grace Wisher: The Black Girl Who Helped Stitch the Star-Spangled Banner

… Three years into Grace’s apprenticeship, Pickersgill was commissioned to create the Star-Spangled Banner in … households worked to contribute to the family income and many white and Black working-class populations sold … role in the establishment of the United States. Their bodies were relied upon for the continuation of the …
A protest against the Iraq War held in 2007 in Washington D.C.

“Passive Citizenship is Not Enough”

… the country, his own books, articles, and op-ed pieces accomplished nothing. Yet his declaration denies the real … Vietnam, ultimately rising to the rank of colonel before becoming an academic. A conservative, he nevertheless became … of U.S. troops in Iraq as they shift the mission from combat to support. Even the Senate Republican leader, Mitch …
Border Fence/Wall

Shifting Borders: The Many Sides of U.S.-Mexican Relations

… in the history department and global and intercultural studies department, specializing in revolution and social … spend their money and get access to services that might be cheaper, but might also be better. And so this kind of … Viñas-Nelson. Song and band information can be found on our website. You can find our podcasts and more on our website, …
Glass negative of Kaiser Wilhelm.

A New Kind of Anti-Americanism

… trade, encouraging the development of the European common market and paying the lion’s share for NATO, the … supporting right-wing dictatorships in the name of halting communism, but also saw the United States as a defender of … is increasingly blurred as allies and former enemies have come to regard the United States much as European nations …

Who's not to Blame in the South Korea-Japan Spat?

… Korean President Moon Jae-in on August 2, 2019. “We have come this far today by overcoming countless hardships. Just as we have always done in … slavery by the military to provide “comfort” to Japanese soldiers at “comfort stations” dispersed throughout Japan’s …

Socialism Takes Over France, Again?

… it mildly. Socialism, at least in the United States, has become a byword among Republicans for fiscally irresponsible … revolts broke out. After receiving his baccalaureate, he studied at Paris' prestigious Institut des Sciences Politiques … birthrate, they began providing generous state subsidies, maternity leave, and free infant healthcare to poor …
The Algerian flag.

Torture in Iraq: Lessons from Algeria

… be said, it’s shameful.” These are the words of a French soldier, Raymond Dumas, who witnessed torture during France’s … These French units exploited the unclear lines of their own command authority to act somewhat independently of the rest … were often tortured; if they tried to escape, French soldiers were allowed to shoot to kill. It is imperative that …

The Fate of the Kurds

… related to Persian. In the largely mountainous region that comprises their homeland, over the centuries Kurds practiced … Kurdish leaders were largely exempt from taxation. A medieval castle in northeast Syria once known as Hisn al-Akrād … of the Caucasus mountains” (top). “Battalion of Russian soldiers massed at a Russian mission in the Caucasus foothills …

The Real Marriage Revolution

… in the first five books of the Old Testament.  It was common throughout ancient India, the Middle East, Africa, … and celibate was the best way to serve the Lord. In the medieval European hierarchy of female virtue, the unmarried … was an authority relationship rather than a love one. In medieval Europe, and in the New England colonies of America, …
Seal of the United States National Archives and Records Administration. The seal is described in 36 C.F.R. § 1200.2 as: The seal is centered on a disc with a double-line border. The words NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION encircle the inside of the seal and the date 1985 is at the bottom center.

Downgrading the Founders

… the charge went, this crime against the past was being committed by leftist academics out of touch with their … agency, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, decided late in 1996, by a one-vote margin, to … Since 1934, NHPRC funds have been indispensable to the complex and time-consuming process of unearthing, editing, …
A traditional glass of Weissbier

Keeping Beer “Pure”: The 1516 Reinheitsgebot

… barley ( left ) and hops ( right ) are the acceptable ingredients in beer according to the  Reinheitsgebot.   Half a … a city in present-day Bavaria, limited the acceptable ingredients in beer to “barley, hops, and water.” At the time, a … the price of beer per Maß (a Bavarian liter) and to limit competition for cereal grains used to bake bread. A …
Fourth of July celebration in Philadelphia, 1819.

The United States: Democracy or Republic?

… in the 18th century included the selflessness to put the common good above special interests. Only a few (men) could … originated in ancient Greece and Rome, reemerged among medieval Italian states and again among Dutch and Polish … been granted at the discretion of local administrative bodies. To some, especially temperance reformers, this new …
A shopkeeper sits outside his store in the Cardo waiting for tourists and residents to stop in.

A Postcard from Jerusalem

… Christians Ethiopian monks relax in the courtyard of Dier Es-Sultan monastery. A narrow stairway leads to Dier Es-Sultan, a contentious site atop the Church of the … Residents of Silwan gather for a celebration at their community center. This is the same question the Palestinian …
Hiroshima atomic bomb crew before the flight of Enola Gay.

Not Everyone Wanted to Bomb Hiroshima

… of nuclear weapons. Paul W. Tibbets Jr., retired brigadier general and former businessman, died on Nov. 1. He'll forever be remembered for what he … the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught …

Madame President: A History of the Women Who Ran before Hillary

… 2016, Hillary Rodham Clinton secured enough delegates to become the Democratic nominee for president of the United … women who have run for president, several others have come within striking distance of the nation’s top post … to the presidency. Maybe, if a female candidate embodied these historical trends and characteristics, 2016 might …
The United Nations Office at Geneva (Switzerland) is the second biggest UN centre, after the United Nations Headquarters (New York City).

The U.N. may be dysfunctional, but it’s the kind of dysfunction that its founders intended

… would serve merely as an explicit reminder of the U.N.'s incompetence.   An examination of the situation with an eye to … too quickly and therefore resulted in too many shortsighted compromises.   The order to follow the Second World War … Security Council. Meanwhile, the General Assembly and its accompanying subsidiary organizations, which were to be much …

Energy Policy and the Long Transition in America

… You can't read the newspapers or surf the web without coming face to face with the pivotal human problem of energy … insisted that they furnish reliable, abundant, and cheap energy to all consumers desiring service. That was the … fuels are used mostly for transportation and include biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen, electric, natural gas and …