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Students at the Tuberculosis Sanitorium, Phoenix Indian School, ca. 1890-1910.

Early American Contagions

… measles, typhus, and influenza decimated Indigenous communities in the Americas is a commonly held one. Like so … one’s breast, etc. there was indeed perishing, many indeed died of it.” Aztec victims of a sixteenth-century epidemic. … stark disparities are not because germs affect Indigenous bodies differently. Across the nation, by late May 2020, …
"The National Game. Three Outs and One Run." Drawing depicting the four candidates of the 1860 United States presidential election (L to R): John Bell, Stephen Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, and Abraham Lincoln. The artist is comparing the election to a baseball game.

The Election of 1860 and Secession — to Preserve Slavery

… initiated." That evening, in a foreshadowing of events to come, fireworks lit the sky above Fort Sumter. Who could … slavery, or that slavery was not the root cause of the bloodiest conflict in our history.   And Masoff has company in … hanging on the wall of his office.   As the nation readies itself for anniversary ceremonies marking the war …
 Pinterest Hien Luong Bridge - Ben Hai River, Quang Tri, Vietnam

Vietnam Revisited: Forty Years after the Paris Peace Accord

… It was then the longest war in U.S. history; although commonly dated as beginning in 1965 with American bombing … at times tortured, brutalized, and killed by American soldiers in search-and-destroy missions. The total number of Americans who died or are missing in the war is just over 58,000, while …
Cover of A Wicked Company The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment by Philipp Blom.

Dangerous (Thinking) Liaisons

Review of A Wicked Company: The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment, by Philipp Blom (New York: Basic Books, 2010)
… and Voltaire. Diderot is remembered today mostly as a compiler of others people's work in his role as editor of the Encyclopédie, although he wrote a number of his own philosophical … materialistic content Diderot imbedded in the Encyclopédie itself.  Many of their works were also lost or …
This painting by Jean-Baptiste de Saive (1562) portrays the environment of the kitchen as a place of making. As Wall argues, the kitchen was one of the main spaces for women to create and experiment.

Kitchen Wisdom

Review of Recipes for Thought: Knowledge and Taste in the Early Modern English Kitchen, by Wendy Wall (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016).
… legacy and identity, verifying truth, and even forging community. Recipes were not only for the creation of tasty … of artistry that provided women with a way to engage in comedy and performance at the table. The production of a … trial and error to find cures for a variety of maladies (215-6). Authors of these texts wrote down their …
soldiers in Iraq

Can Iraq Learn to Live in Peace?

… the inspectors were too few and too weakly supported to overcome Iraqi resistance. But even if the inspections had … through alliance and diplomacy. There are two principal components to creating a WMD-averse environment, both … a popular democratic and antiwar constitution for Japan, by committing itself to defend Japan, by supporting economic …
Mexican flag in a square

A Postcard from Mexico City

… of the Moon rises about 140 feet tall, and it is the smallest out of the two pyramids. Originally red, it was … sacrifices. If anyone is up for the challenge, you are welcome to climb up the steps. However, you should consider the … to the Aztec. By the 13 th century, Tenochtitlán had become a well-established city. Archaeologists have created …
U.S. Marine Barracks in Lebanon

Ten Terrorists Attacks in History

… by failing to address the problems in Russian society that compelled the radicals to violence, Russian leaders … condemned him for his willingness to work with Italy’s communist Party, an act that they believed would undermine … on September 11, 2001 and successfully carried out the bloodiest and most consequential terrorist act in history.  They …
A group of Kyiv civilians gather in a basement downtown to make Molotov Cocktails to be used against Russian troops in Kyiv, Ukraine, 2022.

Ukraine in War and Revolution

… state was “entirely created” by the Bolsheviks after the communist seizure of power in 1917 as part of Lenin’s … value is evident just by looking at a map, but it becomes even more obvious when considering the course of …

From Gaza to Jerusalem: Is the Two State Solution under Siege?

… demands to inspect the cargo they carried, and Israeli navy commandos boarded the vessels before the boats pulled into … The conflict's causes are (it almost goes without saying) complex, combining conflicting land claims of rival … and this interpretation finds support in close studies of the diplomacy of the late British Mandate period. To …
Greek amphora, or jug, from c. 540 BCE showing two hoplite phalanxes engaged in combat. Hoplites were the heavy infantry who formed the backbone of most Greek armies in the Classical Age.

A Fragmented History of Ancient Generalship

Review of The Classical Art of Command: Eight Greek Generals Who Shaped the History of Warfare, by Joseph Roisman (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017)
… Joseph Roisman’s  The Classical Art of Command: Eight Greek Generals Who Shaped the History of … Roisman’s goal is not biography, but to provide case studies that show what Greek generalship was in the Classical … concerns how well the generals controlled both their own soldiers and allied contingents in the field. Tactics in the …
A French Quarter Pontalba Row building.

A Postcard from New Orleans, Louisiana

… about a block north of New Orleans’s famed French Quarter. Completely walled in, the cemetery is unwelcoming. The Roman … that grow so hot in the subtropical climate that the bodies of the dead within are rendered to little more than … memorial in honor of the thousands of enslaved children who died before reaching the age of three (right). The tour …

Yearning to Breathe Free: The American Immigration Story

… they simply never made enough to do so. “Many Chinamen have come; few have returned. Why is this?” representatives of China’s laboring community said in an 1876 address to Congress. “Because … Ajo, Arizona. That bipartisanship seems to have all but died over the past decade, as the resurgence of identity …
Soldiers marching in front of the memorial - The Motherland Calls in Volgograd.

Living in History: Stalingrad at 75

… Glory, at Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia. The monument commemorates those who died defending the city 1942-1943. In the twenty-first … Whenever the battle is mentioned in popular culture, audiences flock to new films and books about Stalingrad. … Media/Journalism/Communications …
A tractor purchased through the Marshall Plan for France.

Grand Fenwick, Afghanistan and Iraq

… Not any funny movie, but “The Mouse That Roared.” That 1959 comedy was based on the premise that by the late 1950s both … aid as a result of war. “The Mouse That Roared” parodies the wisest foreign policy the United States has ever … they might gain or lose in an American occupation. Iraqi soldiers and civilians will be less likely to resist American …

A Sea of Troubles: The Philippines and Pacific Geopolitics

… While not explicitly backing Manila, Obama stressed his commitment to preserving stability in  the South China Sea . … Boxer Rebellion in China targeted Westerners, 2,500 U.S. soldiers quickly traversed the South China Sea to help suppress … soil. Undoubtedly, massive American assistance after  Supertyphoon Yolanda  (also called Typhoon Haiyan) in …
Pope Leo XIV in the popemobile at his inauguration, 2025.

Faith, History, and the City of God in the 21st Century

… Bishop of Rome . If  warnings of the imminent rise of superhuman AI come to pass, he may be the last pontiff crowned during the … away from.” Quoting Saint Augustine, he encouraged his audience: “Let us live well and the times will be good. We are …
book cover of Empire of Cotton - A Global History

Top Ten Origins: Summer 2018 Must Reads

… The joy of reading comes in all seasons, but many people specifically like to … picked books that are relatively accessible to a general audience, and they’re texts which I thought would engage … includes the voices of American and Vietnamese people, soldiers and civilians, men and women, generals and artists, …
Actors in the Berezil troupe, 1922.

Ukrainian Theater on the Soviet Stage

… ensuing chaos and devastation, painfully relevant to all audiences who had endured not only World War I , but also the … cavorted with dancing girls. Finally, the figure of comic writer Ostap Vyshnia was depicted hunting a line of … Avant-Garde of the 1910s and 1920s (Rodovid, 2015). Website: “Open Kurbas” created by Tetiana Rudenko and the …
Sobaek Mountain

A Postcard from Yeongju, South Korea

… home of the Seonbi, Confucian scholars who lived and studied during Korea’s Joseon period (1392-1897). At sites such … lantern, a wood plaque reads “Muryangsujeon (無量壽殿)” and welcomes all comers (right). The founder of the Buseoksa … themselves. The full cultural heritage of Yeongju is embodied in the seamless interplay of its buildings, artifacts, …

Updating ‘No Child Left Behind:’ Change, or More of the Same

… of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). Weingarten complains that the administration's plans "put 100 percent … those of the school-focused activists, but they have also come to loggerheads—as they have done most recently. … lied to by ignorant social climbers, whose sole claim to superiority is ability to kick 'niggers' when they are …
John F. Kennedy and Dr. Alvin Weinburg at the Graphite Reactor Oak Ridge National Lab in 1959.

The Dangers – Then and Now – of a Pre-Emptive Strike

… Bush administration has wisely allowed the international community to take the lead in responding to the threat from … sanctions against Iran for the first time and urged Iran to comply with a United Nations request to halt its nuclear … an unprecedented wave of terrorism for generations to come. In this context, alienating our allies worldwide would …