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The National Crest of Transnistria.

Transnistria: The History Behind the Russian-backed Region

… Nestled between the Dniester River to the west and the Ukrainian border to … near the village of Maiak on the morning of April 26, when five to ten individuals planted 12 anti-tank mines at a … rule, Transnistria—its population still largely Ukrainian—was united with Bessarabia to form the Moldovan Soviet …
An MP looking north from South Korea in the Demilitarized Zone, 2008.

The War That Never Ended: The Legacy of the Korean War

… and neither side gained much territory. A peace treaty was never signed; the Korean War has never officially ended. … of the Japanese Empire, but this period was indeed when Kim gained his nationalistic credentials as a Korean … orthodoxy. The regime mixed elements of ethnic chauvinism, Leninist centralism, Third Worldism, and revolutionary …
view looking up into treetops

Climate Change: Insights from History

… John Brooke, Jennifer Eaglin and Samuel White about the historical context of climate change. ( Image Source ) … … all's questions. Many of you already submitted questions when you registered, others, we welcome that you all … culture and nature. And so the question of climate, what was the nature of climate? How did it change was of interest …
Cover of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer by Wendell E. Pritchett.

Invisible Man

Review of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer , by Wendell E. Pritchett (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
… of hard-hitting campaigning and nationwide discussions on the need for change, the United States elected an African … in economics from Harvard University (p. 30).  Although he was highly qualified for a number of positions, his color … and the transformation of the American city at a moment when civil rights was viewed largely as a Southern issue.  …

The Politics of International Adoption

… will rely on a fair amount of data to discuss what I see as the significance of international adoption. However, I want … to constitute or re-constitute families, to provide homes when birth parents could not or would not do so, to serve as … back to the early years of white settlement, the practice was long governed informally and on an ad hoc basis. …
A map of northern Ireland

Ending the War in Northern Ireland

… Hurrah! The war in Northern Ireland is over. There will be … and Protestants to end. The very weekend agreement was reached by the Northern Ireland political parties theThe pattern has continued to the present day. In 1969, when Cathal Goulding, the chief of staff of the IRA, and his …
The colorful buildings of Tirana, viewed from the steps of the National Museum.

A Postcard from Tirana: Overcoming the Past

… call the city home. What is now a bustling metropolis was until quite recently a grim Soviet-style city. In fact, … it was not officially established as a town until 1614, when a mosque, bazaar, and Turkish baths were built at what … to make way for government buildings, and statues of Lenin and Hoxha himself were erected. Aerial image of …
The Norwegians Land in Iceland 872 by Oscar Wergeland (1877).

Why We Love the Vikings

There’s no denying that the Vikings and Norse mythology are … were bound by strict legal and societal expectations that, when broken, could have dire consequences, from fines to … requires further examination. Viking Age Scandinavia was an oral society, and writing was limited to runic …
Space Shuttle Columbia launching

Can We Boldly Go There Any More?

… is dangerous. And, consequently, expensive. That first fact was brought painfully home the morning of Feb. 1 as the space shuttle Columbia … receives much attention. Who can remember where they were when Intelsat IVA F-5 failed to reach orbit on Sept. 29, …
Photo of a nuclear explosion.

The Dawn of the Second Cold War

… intercontinental ballistic missile on July 5 only delays the inevitable. Soon Pyongyang will have a missile that can reach the United States and when it does a Second Cold War will begin. The failed launch … advertisements openly solicit suicide bombers. Deterrence was also effective in the first Cold War because the
Raising a Flag over the Reichstag by Yevgeny Khaldei (1945).

The Living Ghosts of the Second World War and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

… perpetrated by the Kiev regime.” His mission, he claimed, was “to demilitarize and denazify Ukraine.”  In Putin’s … of the Jews of Kyiv in the fall of 1941, until 1976. When a monument was finally erected, it honored the … TV Rain who “disrespected” the anniversary of the Siege of Leningrad in January 2014 by asking whether it would have …
A memorial to the Heaven’s Hundred in Kyiv. Serhii Kemsky’s photo is in black and white under the words Nebesna sotnia.

Heroes Never Die

… It was February 2014 in Kyiv , Ukraine. I stood in the wet cold with Ukrainians of all ages, from all over thethe mood of the protests changed at the end of the month when students who came to sleep on Maidan were violently …
President George H.W. Bush shaking hands with Russian President Boris Yeltsin at the Kremlin.

Russia — Ten Years After the Fall

… It was on Christmas day ten years ago that Kremlin guards hauled down the Soviet flag for the last time and Mikhail Gorbachev … last decade by reconsidering several faulty assumptions. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, many influential …
A crowd of Syrian refugees in the Vienna airport

Road to Europe: The 2015 Migration Crisis

… Over the past months, the news media has presented dramatic … throughout the Ottoman Empire. At the same time that was going on, there was large-scale, voluntary immigration, … But again, that was largely voluntary in nature. So when we talk about Syrians today, as well as Iraqis today, I …
A rendering of the Battle of Fort Pillow, also known as the Fort Pillow Massacre, which was fought on April 12, 1864 in Tennessee.  It ended with a massacre by Confederate soldiers of at least one hundred surrendered black troops serving the Union, exemplifying one of the Civil War's transgressions of the norms of warfare.

The American Civil War, Then and Now

Review of The War that Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters, by James McPherson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
… Coming to terms with the American Civil War is no easy task. The scale of its … intervention and the question of whether the Civil War was a "just" war and a "total" war. Other chapters reflect … slave states that foreshadowed the political breakdown." When gold was discovered in California, tens of thousands of …
Top view of engineer at desk with laptop, hardhat, and blueprints

Origins interviews the American Society of Civil Engineers

… of our episode on infrastructure and public investment in the United States, host Patrick Potyondy interviews Tom … aviation, bridges, dams, drinking water, energy, hazardous waste, inland waterways, levees, ports, public parks and … that is actually, in 2013, higher than it was in 2009, when it was at a D.  Patrick Potyondy   Okay, so there has …
A Nuclear Power Plant in the Untied Kingdom against a blue sky.

How Green Is the Atom?

The Past–and Future–of Nuclear Energy in the United States
… Nuclear power was touted as the solution to  peak oil and promoted as “energy too cheap … years) in excess of 20,000 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). When  NPPs are decommissioned they become waste. Even as new …
Portrait of Neville Chamberlain, who was the Prime Minister of United Kingdom during the early months of World War II.

Lessons of Munich

… dictators Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia. They agreed to Hitler’s demand … “doves” of supporting bankrupt pre-World War II tactics whenever they sought negotiations with an opponent. Before … a face-saving way to get out of Kuwait before his nation was attacked — Saddam agreed to withdraw if the leading …

A Sea of Troubles: The Philippines and Pacific Geopolitics

… In early 2013 I took a tour of Corregidor Island, at the mouth of Manila Bay. Our guide ushered us through the … it would not reopen American bases in the Philippines, nor was the intent to “contain China.” This statement came in … on the services of Chinese brokers. Numbering around 20,000 when the Spanish arrived, the Chinese in the Philippines had …
A Memorial to the "Forgotten War" of Korea with the insignias of the United States Uniformed Services ringed around it.

Forgotten War, Tragic Peace

… Korea’s nuclear weapons program are reviving memories of “the forgotten war,” the war in Korea. But the real key to … things for ourselves, the Koreans or the rest of the world. When the Korean fighting began, most Americans assumed that … defeating our opponents unconditionally, whether their sign was a swastika, a rising sun or a hammer and sickle. …

The Hajj and Europe

The hajj, the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, is a central … Bridge, 2009. Even so, last year’s hajj witnessed tragedy when a construction crane collapse in Mecca killed more than … One effect of colonial domination of Muslim-majority lands was that the hajj came under European influence and control …
A girl stands amid the graves of 70 children on the outskirts of Dadaab. The long desert journey to the relief camps has claimed many lives.

Famine Strikes Again. Will America Respond?

… death in East Africa. Famine has overwhelmed aid agencies. The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) says that more … to flee their communities in search of food, but there was little to find. A letter published by the Russian writer … and bandits. The word desperation is an understatement when it comes to the plight of Somali refugees.   The first …

The UN, the WHO, and the Future of U.S. Diplomacy

The 2020 U.S. elections have resulted in a new … of the country rejected Donald Trump. While this backlash was perhaps concentrated on domestic matters and … but the world it promoted stuck rigidly to U.S. models. When strategically important countries strayed from the