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… Until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the combination of new technology with the "classically liberal" philosophy of laissez-faire and the "universal money" of the gold standard, created the conditions for a … silver become too heavy, and something that embodies more value in less volume is needed.  This need is best …

… we—and how should we—remember this war? Tactically, it was one of the most successful military operations in history, … the country at the cost of approximately 155 U.S. soldiers killed. Yet, despite this initial military success, … with a willful misleading of the public, and a war that committed a democratic nation’s armed forces to a …

… Every November we mark the anniversary of one of the most significant events of the 20 th century—the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism throughout Eastern Europe . The opening of the … Cold War. For many, the demise of communism confirmed the superiority of free-market capitalism over the command …

… Joseph Roisman’s  The Classical Art of Command: Eight Greek Generals Who Shaped the History of … well, mixing popular, well-known generals with more obscure ones. Leonidas, the doomed Spartan king who stood at … Roisman’s goal is not biography, but to provide case studies that show what Greek generalship was in the Classical …

… the first few decades of the nineteenth century the dead bodies themselves became precious commodities because the dissection of human cadavers for … a thriving black market. The fear of having your loved ones dragged from their fresh grave was powerful enough that …

… battles with police, and, crucially, the mutiny of soldiers tasked with quelling the protests. Alarmed, Chairman … paralyzed . . . In the streets, disorderly shooting. One detachment of the troops fires on the other. It is … To delay is impossible.” The tsar did not reply, instead complaining that “Again that fat-belly Rodzianko has written …

… 2023)  [PDF] Tragedy in Somalia: Clans, Colonizers, Superpowers, and the Cult of Personality  (revised 2023) … Bedlam: Upstairs in the Crazy House  [PDF] Many Solitudes, One Canada  [PDF] Unity In Diversity: The Attraction of the …   [PDF] Manhood on Trial: Homosexuality, Conduct Unbecoming, and the Military   [PDF] The State of the World …

… this new generation of Israeli scholars. This controversy – combined with his scholarship, popular writings, and political protest – soon transformed Morris into one of Israel's most prominent public intellectuals. … the war, ethnic cleansing became a matter of military expediency according to Morris. Morris thus disagrees with his …

… Russia’s policy toward homosexuals. Some analysts have gone so far as to draw parallels with the 1936 Berlin … delegation to Sochi. Inadvertently, the Sochi games have become the gay games. Homosexuality in Russia Today The … fall under the law, or are statements to a broad public audience grounds for prosecution? What exactly is a “warped …

… breath of the tens of thousands of people jammed against one another rose up in a white cloud so thick that it could … he was dead. The implication was clear—although Stalin had died, his influence would be keenly felt in the Soviet … pardoned or remitted the sentences of prisoners whom had committed minor offenses. As they worked to dismantle …

… the Golden State, we live with the knowledge that the ‘Big One’ is still due. Yet despite the warnings, we are woefully … has produced more political benefits than structural ones. The seismic retrofit program began in 1972 when the … and undervalued, the seismic program was still incomplete almost two decades later when Loma Prieta struck …

… and for those who saw the movie. Now that’s all forgotten. One of America’s most notorious penitentiaries, Attica was a … and National Guardsmen stormed the prison and killed 39 prisoners and hostages. The nation was transfixed and horrified. … the world, trailing only Russia. The prison industry has become big business: billions of dollars are being spent on …

… of immigrants were rounded up on vague suspicion of communist or anarchist sympathies. Ashcroft and his aides … of becoming what Palmer became in 1920 — in the words of one newspaper, a “Little Red Riding Hood with a cry of … June 2, bombs exploded overnight in seven American cities. One blew off the front of Palmer’s Washington home, killing …

… policy. President Reagan called for “the total elimination one day of nuclear weapons from the face of the Earth.” But … the bomb, and Iran may be joining the nuclear club. When one thinks of the horrific scenarios that could emerge from … for new nuclear weaponry. The U.S. refusal to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to eliminate nuclear test …

… As China completes its takeover of Hong Kong, it should be remembered … In its first years, Tibet’s semi-independent status functioned smoothly. Throughout the 1950s, the Chinese … and, at least in the 1950s, the operation of two systems in one country proved incompatible. In recent years, Hong Kong …

… In one of the more interesting and ironic twists in recent … Protestants. Evangelical-Catholic relations have come a long way over the last generation, but for all their … during the earth’s last days. Roger Williams, a Puritan and one of early America’s champions of religious liberty, …

… are only make things worse. America’s goals in Bolivia come down to two things: limiting the production of cocaine … elite. The target of the demonstrations, in which soldiers shot some 70 protesters, was a government plan to … gas to the United States. To many Bolivians, the plan was one more colonial abuse. Bolivia has produced great fortunes …

… needed domestic programs while endorsing dubious military ones, alienates our allies and discourages the diplomatic efforts and foreign aid needed to solve complex international problems. During the Cold War, … and grossly inflated military spending. Nikki R. Keddie is a professor emerita of Middle Eastern and Iranian …

… what? And why, most of all, should we bother to learn it? One stock answer is that history teaches "lessons." Trotting … future. Scholars of social reform are especially prone to this perspective. By performing "experiments on dead … implausible. History can promote human improvement, I've come to believe, but not in the didactic or formulaic manner …

… that an estimated 1.5 million people were slaughtered here. One of them was a Roman Catholic nun, Sister Teresia … “Christianize” the Holocaust in order to play down Catholic complicity in Nazi atrocities. This controversy comes at a … did. Stephen A. Allen is a doctoral candidate in the Medieval Institute at the University of Notre Dame and a …

… a strong hold on the imagination of the American public. To commemorate “Honest Abe,” Origins offers ten of the most important things … since the murderer proclaimed his identity to a stunned audience in Ford’s Theatre. Non-academic writers have …

… to the long list of assaults enacted on the Native American community, put alongside boarding schools, forbidden … like “half-blood” and “full blood” are not mentioned in the 1887 General Allotment Act, also referred as the … policy and prompted her exploration into this topic. Few studies before hers have investigated the relationship between …