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John F. Kennedy and Dr. Alvin Weinburg at the Graphite Reactor Oak Ridge National Lab in 1959.

The Dangers – Then and Now – of a Pre-Emptive Strike

… East. A nuclear-armed China would be a “great menace in the future to humanity, the free world and freedom on earth,” … Bush administration has wisely allowed the international community to take the lead in responding to the threat from … they may realize that a nuclear strike on Iran’s processing sites, killing an estimated 10,000, would have similarly …
President George W. Bush shakes hands with China's President Hu Jintao following his visit and meeting Sunday, Aug. 10, 2008, with the Chinese leader at Zhongnanhai, the Chinese leaders compound in Beijing.

What Open Skies Can Do For Chinese-American Relations

… exchanges and cooperation between their armed forces. A competition in armaments between China and the United States … the United States and China will go a long way toward ensuring future stability in Asia. The example of Europe and North …
Artifact from Benin

Who Owns the Past? Museums and Cultural Heritage Repatriation

… In November 2018, a report commissioned by French President Emannuel Macron called for … of Native American remains by American museums to the complicated provenance of Greek and Roman antiquities held … such major art institutions as the Getty Villa in Los Angeles and New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art. In fact, …
typewriter

The Legacy of a Lady

… had done as First Lady. This impressive list of projects encompasses domestic causes from historic preservation to … that Laura Bush did for the country and the world would surprise many Americans, even the most fervent Bush … Laura Bush’s unwillingness to put herself forward, to take credit to “show off,” as my mother would say is also what …
Laura Bush May 18, 2008.

The Legacy of a Lady

… had done as First Lady. This impressive list of projects encompasses domestic causes from historic preservation to … that Laura Bush did for the country and the world would surprise many Americans, even the most fervent Bush … Laura Bush’s unwillingness to put herself forward, to take credit to “show off,” as my mother would say is also what …

Killing the Arctic

… patterns in the south, Arctic meteorology has increasingly come to affect them. The Arctic’s terminal decline, then, … damage was inflicted on the Aleutian island of Amchitka, site of three atomic bomb tests between 1965 and 1971. The … of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline. Although ultimately futile, opposition in the 1970s to Norway’s Alta-Kautokeino …
Cover of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920 by Dorothy Ann Pettit and Janice Bailie.

Before There Was Swine Flu

Review of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920, by Dorothy A. Pettit and Janice Bailie (Timberlane Books, 2008)
… was upgrading the recent outbreak of H1N1 influenza, more commonly known as "swine flu," to a global pandemic. … prominent figures, such as poet Robert Frost, and also the less well-known, such as children Bridget and Mary McG., who … way for the entry of the government into medical and life insurance. They also highlight the less obvious effects. …
man with giant crab

A Tale of Two Fisheries: Fishing and Over-Fishing in American Waters

… of effort. Profits became less assured for many fishing companies beginning in the 1970s and accelerating in later … owners because they have a more difficult time securing credit. Only a few boat captains and no crew members were … Even with the implementation of a rationalization plan, the future of crab fishing is uncertain. Rationalization plans …
illustration of people around a fire ring

The Causes and Costs of Barrenness

Review of Infertility in Early Modern England, by Daphna Oren-Magidor (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017)
… the emotional toll on and social ramifications for childless married couples in Early Modern England. To elucidate … holds that the presence of widespread negative attitudes surrounding infertility reflected contemporary fears of an … and legacy. Women, on the other hand, struggled to comes to terms with their infertility in large part because …
Advertisement of an upcoming land sale by the United States Department of the Interior in 1911. The Interior Department published many similar advertisements to encourage white settlers to purchase "excess" reservation lands.

The Dawes Act

… across the United States owned their reservation lands as a community: families could settle, plant their crops, and own … but the land itself belonged to the entire nation for future generations’ use. The 1887 passage of the General … Chickasaw, Seminole, and Quapaw Nations, with others sure to follow. Today, as we remember the devastation that …
Cover of Philanthropy in America: A History by Olivier Zunz.

The Gifts That Keep On Giving

Review of Philanthropy in America: A History, by Olivier Zunz (Princeton University Press, 2012)
… to start with: What do Americans fund every year at levels comparable to annual budget of the Pentagon? Answer: the … stands as the best introduction to the topic and I am quite sure that it will be the starting point for other scholars … calculated that families with incomes of $3000/year or less accounted for 60.4% of charitable giving; a whopping …
The Humboldt Current: Nineteenth-Century Exploration and the Roots of American Environmentalism, by Aaron Sachs Book Cover

The Humboldt Current: Nineteenth-Century Exploration and the Roots of American Environmentalism

Review of The Humboldt Current: Nineteenth-Century Exploration and the Roots of American Environmentalism, by Aaron Sachs (Viking Books, 2006)
… early in the nineteenth century, but whose adventures and accomplishments were so much admired they made him an … celebrity. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) was surely among the greatest naturalists of his era. His … the study of physical phenomena. . . , we find its noblest and most important result to be a knowledge of the …
Sergeant First Class Major Cleveland points out North Korean position to his machine gun crew, 1950.

Executive Order 9981 and the Integration of the American Military

… for advancement and emphasized their status as lesser citizens and lesser men. While African American soldiers and communities protested these conditions, the small size of … an imperfect reflection of American society and viewed as a site of inclusion and opportunity for Black people and other …
The FBI’s finely tuned image as a scientific, fact-driven investigative force, cultivated in images like this, often overshadowed how the Bureau’s priorities on issues such as homosexuality were shaped by popular fears rooted in homophobia.

G-Men, Gays, and Government

Review of Hoover’s War on Gays: Exposing the FBI’s “Sex Deviates” Program, by Douglas M. Charles Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2015.
… Davis’s refusal to issue marriage licenses to gay couples represents an example of the often complex relationship between government officials and … to do everything at his disposal for the president to ensure his continued tenure as FBI director” (39). When Welles
Students at the Tuberculosis Sanitorium, Phoenix Indian School, ca. 1890-1910.

Early American Contagions

… the Americas. The idea that diseases such as smallpox, measles, typhus, and influenza decimated Indigenous communities in the Americas is a commonly held one. Like so … economic, and social revolutions among Indigenous polities. Surely these decisions are relevant to the story. …
Marina Silva (PSB)

10/21/2014: Top Ten Origins: Brazil's Presidential Elections

… economically most important countries in the world, the outcome of these elections is significant not just for … During the "Lost Decade" of the 1980s Brazil owed foreign creditors $105 billion, but by 2009 Brazil provided the … of the world's highest Gini coefficients (the standard measure of economic inequality). Since 2003 the Brazilian …
Polin Museum

A Postcard from Warsaw, Poland: POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews

… in Polish-Jewish history. After years of controversies and compromises, the final product represents the dedicated … heart of Warsaw’s pre-war Jewish neighborhood, Muranów, the site of the former Warsaw Ghetto, and it faces directly the … who expect the Holocaust to be its main focus, may well be surprised.  While Poland was at the center of the Holocaust, …
book cover of Empire of Cotton - A Global History

Top Ten Origins: Summer 2018 Must Reads

… The joy of reading comes in all seasons, but many people specifically like to … to pick examples on a range of topics. Some of these books surprised me when I first read them, or I have taught them … editor of Cosmopolitan magazine Helen Gurley Brown deserves credit as one of the pioneers of second-wave feminism …
The Cornalvo Dam, near the city of Mérida in Spain.

Top Ten Origins: Dams

… collecting water for irrigation, drinking, bathing, and leisure, to mitigating flooding, milling grain, stocking fish, … are being built in Brazil and China, while campaigns to decommission dams are gaining traction in the United States … which earned it distinction as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993. At 28 meters it stands just higher than its …
Bird's-eye-view of the 1993 border blockade enacted by CBP Border Patrol agents in El Paso, Texas as part of Operation Hold the Line.

Fortifying the U.S.-Mexico Boundary: The 1993 “Hold the Line” Experiment

… also proposed deploying advanced drug detection machines to combat the influx of fentanyl, which he claimed was … they both characterized the  U.S.-Mexico boundary as a site of  crisis.  They both suggested bolstering border … the border day and night, seven days a week. Associating a surge in crime with a rise in immigration, Reyes proposed …
These false killer whales were part of an MSE in Flinders Bay, Australia, July of 1986.

Washed Ashore: Marine Mammals from Medieval Times to Today

… and tied to ropes and anchors off the bay, left to decompose within the ecosystem. Europeans who lived in the … by changing tides, especially in strong tidal rivers and at sites where beaches, sand bars, and other topographic … a sixteenth-century author, provides evidence for the treasure of resources that a single stranded whale could …
Chinese nuclear bomb on display in China.

A Danger Shared by All

… Lyndon Johnson ordered a task force, the Gilpatric Committee (named after its chairman, former deputy defense … and comprehensive steps must be taken in the near future to discourage further acquisition of nuclear weapons … could be next to go nuclear, with Pakistan soon following. Sure enough, these predictions were realized, and now South …