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Seal of the University of California.

How Does a Nation Protect Itself in Wartime?

… to internment camps, depriving them of their freedom, homes and jobs. But the 20th century’s legal foundation for … to act decisively, during World War I President Wilson took command of telegraph and telephone systems, issued executive … Patriotic citizens assembled armed patrols to guard their communities. What is proposed now is a shadow of those …
Anti-Christian sign in Federal Plaza Chicago 2008

Slavery, Gay Rights, and the Bible

… Their arguments, in the judgment of posterity, have discredited them and their faith. Simply put, a static, … what they took to be the spirit of the whole Bible, a message of inclusiveness and equality. For them, slavery and Christianity were incompatible. These contrasting approaches parallel the …
Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, by Judith Herrin Book Cover

Byzantium for Dummies

Review of Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, by Judith Herrin (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2008)
… to Byzantium , Herrin relates a story of two builders coming to her office after passing it daily to ask her what … over the eastern half of the Mediterranean, at varying times, from Greece to Egypt and extending over Persia. … quickly set the stage for the play about to follow, but the superficiality makes the context feel a bit stilted, and, to …

The Road to Same-Sex Marriage: Lesbian Mothers, Gay Fathers, and the American Family

… of Lesbians and Gays Everywhere—organizations that had come out of gay-father activism of the 1980s—wrote a brief … draw invidious distinctions between families headed by opposite-sex parents and families headed by same-sex parents, … the country. In November 1967, in a custody case before the Superior Court of California that marks the beginning of …
Communards with flags

The Socialist Legacy in France

… Thanks for being on the show Professor Conklin and welcome.   Dr. Alice Conklin   Thank you for having me.   … you argue for a sense of historical perspective when it comes to evaluating the election. What is France's history … Potyondy   Sounds like they didn't quite get a lot of the credit for fighting the Nazis during World War II or were …
Anti-draft protest outside the Department of Justice in 1967.

The Draft — for Democracy

… afford to do so continued their education, while their compatriots with lesser means often found themselves … such as George W. Bush, snatched up scarce National Guard commissions that enabled them to avoid the draft by getting … would be more circumspect about taking on so many military commitments. Conscription forces the government to be more …
The U.S.-Economic Cooperation Administration created numerous posters to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe. This one, depicting the flags of various Western European countries receiving Marshall Plan aid, was produced in 1950.

The Marshall Plan

… into law on April 3, 1948. The Marshall Plan, as it’s more commonly known, was intended to revive the economies of … Policy Planning Staff, and the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee reported on the continent’s dire economic state, … for reconstruction. Additionally, the ECA, under the supervision of Averell Harriman, oversaw a range of other …

Learning to Love the Nuclear Pariah: From China to North Korea

… An estimate compiled by the nation’s intelligence services reaches the … Republic of China in 1949 ( left ). President Nixon visited China in 1972, but the U.S. did not formally recognize … Soviet friends, “world opinion” would have to follow the superpowers’ lead. He even suggested that, if all else …
Jesse Owens at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany.

Peace through Olympic Sport?

… of literally billions of people. But are the Olympic Games good for the World? Proponents say the Games help create … corruption scandals, doping controversies and rampant commercialism have done so little to dent the popularity of … track star vividly disproved Nazi claims of Aryan superiority. Hitler was livid. What the 1936 Games showed is …
College Green, Ohio University, 1973.

Our Gilded Bronze Age of Higher Education

… universities to yield an annual, independent source of income. Endowment size has served as a proxy for academic … causes. Endowments are also targeted because they have become steeply stratified over the past century. Merely … for revenue in higher education. Apart from endowment income, this desire for revenue inspired new forms of …
Djiboutian workers fill bags with wheat destined for Ethiopia, provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), at the Port of Djibouti, Africa, Jan. 7, 2013.

The Birth and Death of USAID

… in the beginning of 2025, still working in the name of the commitment that President John F. Kennedy had made in 1961 … government and voluntary/religious organizations to ship domestic food surpluses to countries struggling with food … warned that the United States needed to demonstrate the opposite, and the existing machinery of aid was not up the …
Cover of The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall by Mary Elise Sarotte.

…And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: A History of Contingency and Happenstance

Review of The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall, by Mary Elise Sarotte New York: Basic Books, 2014.
… irrevocably porous. But the events of November 9 did not come from nowhere. The fall of the Berlin Wall—as detailed … she instead writes the history of serendipity whose outcome was far from predetermined, even if it seems so in … moment came on October 9 when, unable to reach his superiors and overwhelmed by the sheer size of the crowd (at …
Top view of person serving themself a rice dish from a table of food

Food for Thought: Diet in History

… in the sense that because it's so everyday, because it's so common, historians of the past tend to overlook it in favor …   Mark Sokolsky   Sardines. Okay. Well, it doesn't seem super likely that everyone's going to start eating insects, … Sokolsky. Song and band information can be found on our website. You can find our podcasts and more at origins.osu.edu, …
Two vials of modern insulin named Actrapid (left) and NovoRapid (right) by the manufacturers.

The First Insulin Injection as a Treatment for Diabetes

… a chronic condition that can have serious, life-threatening complications if left untreated. Diabetes is caused when the … and attempted treatments of diabetes date back to ancient times, the most important milestone occurred when a new … date to the ancient Egyptians, over a millennium before the common era . Later, in the second century CE, the Greek …
The Palins and McCains in Fairfax, Virginia, September 2008.

Why the Sarah Palin Gamble Didn’t Pay Off

… John McCain probably lost whatever chance he had to become president on August 28, the day he invited Sarah Palin … quality and the process leading to those choices, have become measures of presidential candidates themselves. Barack … candidate on a major party ticket in modern times. Palin had slight experience in high governmental …
Cover of Wounded Knee Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre by Heather Cox Richardson

Where Our Hearts Are Still Buried

Review of Wounded Knee: Party Politics and the Road to an American Massacre, by Heather Cox Richardson (New York: Basic Books, 2010)
… asked Big Foot, leader of the Minneconjou Teton Sioux, to come to Pine Ridge Reservation with his followers in hopes … could restore the peace. Intercepted by the Seventh Cavalry commanded by Colonel James W. Forysth on December 28, Big Foot's band made camp for …

Killing the Arctic

… patterns in the south, Arctic meteorology has increasingly come to affect them. The Arctic’s terminal decline, then, … Baltimore Gun Club schemes to melt Arctic glaciers with a super-cannon fired from the top of Mount Kilimanjaro, … damage was inflicted on the Aleutian island of Amchitka, site of three atomic bomb tests between 1965 and 1971. The …
soldiers in Iraq

Can Iraq Learn to Live in Peace?

… the inspectors were too few and too weakly supported to overcome Iraqi resistance. But even if the inspections had … through alliance and diplomacy. There are two principal components to creating a WMD-averse environment, both … a popular democratic and antiwar constitution for Japan, by committing itself to defend Japan, by supporting economic …
A Day in a Medieval City, by Chiara Frugoni Book Cover

A Day in a Medieval City

Review of A Day in a Medieval City, by Chiara Frugoni (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2007)
… had written two short articles on urban life. Frugoni combined the two articles, included her own notes, and has … uses the subsequent seven chapters to elaborate on the themes found in the introduction. The impetus for the book thus … Frugoni's analysis and critique of the multiple images is superb and it is here that she is most successful in this …
Former President Jimmy Carter

Putting Ex-Presidents Back to Work

… we need to improve it.” With former Secretary of State James A. Baker as co-chair, Carter will lead a national bipartisan commission on election reform. His prestige and experience will insure that policy makers will consider the commission’s recommendations. Carter is not our only …

Another Silent Spring

… future when “some evil spell” had settled on our communities, when “mysterious maladies swept the flocks of … who want to fix all the blame on a few. There are super-nationalists in the United States and China, for … begin to concentrate more on the selected few, becoming parasites on domesticated livestock like cows, pigs, and …
Lydia Walker

Postwar Decolonization and its Discontents

… available Open Access for free download on the Cambridge website .  The Moderator of this event is Nicholas Breyfogle, … its advocacy Michael Scott. And it was at a construction site. Which was exactly what I was working on. I was … Peoples in 2007 is you have the same politics of sort of accreditation, like how indigenous communities actually access …