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Chartwell, the country estate of Winston Churchill

By Invitation Only

Review of The Long Weekend: Life in the English Country House, 1918-1939, by Adrian Tinniswood New York: Basic Books, 2016
… profits, such estates became a luxury, desired by everyone, but only achieved by those with money. This world was … instance, crossed the Atlantic and settled in England, becoming members of the English aristocracy and elite British … peers, Tinniswood generally accepts that the lords and ladies who owned these country houses were benevolent …

The Fate of the Kurds

… “Resistance is Life, Silence is Death, AFRIN IS NOT ALONE.” Trump does not understand the history of the Kurds and … related to Persian. In the largely mountainous region that comprises their homeland, over the centuries Kurds practiced … Kurdish leaders were largely exempt from taxation. A medieval castle in northeast Syria once known as Hisn al-Akrād …
portion of a movie poster for the movie Mary Queen of Scots, directed by Josie Rourke

At the Movies: Mary Queen of Scots

… to which men will go to take it away from them, and to the complicated politics of one’s immortal soul. Director Josie Rourke reminds the … religious houses, and declaring Catholicism illegal. Marie died during this revolt, leaving Mary’s illegitimate …
President George W. Bush sitting at his desk in 2001.

Social Security: False Crisis, Destructive Solutions

… the amount of the worker’s contributions. Thus, the higher one’s earnings, the higher one’s pension. Amendments enacted between 1939 and 1972 … Association of Realtors, the largest political action committee, as measured by direct contributions to federal …
College Green, Ohio University, 1973.

Our Gilded Bronze Age of Higher Education

… universities to yield an annual, independent source of income. Endowment size has served as a proxy for academic … become steeply stratified over the past century. Merely one-fifth of the some 3,300 colleges and universities today … as well as the pursuit of grants and government subsidies. Tuition hikes also seemed to manifest the incessant …
A traditional glass of Weissbier

Keeping Beer “Pure”: The 1516 Reinheitsgebot

… barley ( left ) and hops ( right ) are the acceptable ingredients in beer according to the  Reinheitsgebot.   Half a … the price of beer per Maß (a Bavarian liter) and to limit competition for cereal grains used to bake bread. A … beer. Bavarian beers now compete on an international stage—one of the United States’ largest craft breweries, Stone, …
1942 photo of an American flag.

The Changing Symbolism of Old Glory

… Blue are also in fashion. The World Series in New York, the Super Bowl in New Orleans, and the Winter Olympics in Salt … Although the United States has often wavered from that commitment, the tragic events of Sept. 11 compel us to … flag and that Betsy Ross of Philadelphia sewed the first one in June 1776 at the request of George Washington. But …
Print of "Galveston's Awful Calamity".

Galveston 1900: 125 Years After the Storm

… storm which these swells...told us in unerring language was coming.” —Dr. Isaac Cline Today, the National Weather … result was a tragedy that reshaped the Gulf Coast and led one man to devote himself to the study of hurricanes. In the … surge, and thirty-three of those sheltering in the house died. The best estimates of the death toll are at least …

Dispatches from the Armenian Revolution

… nation of Armenia experienced a revolution. On August 17, one hundred days after the upheaval’s end, thousands of … role in the mobilization of the population. Indeed,  some commentators noted  that it had more in common with … for corruption and the rise of oligarchs . Armenian soldiers in Karabakh in 1994 using Russian AK-74 assault …
The logo of Solidarność painted on an overturned Soviet era T-55 in Prague in 1990

Poland Takes Charge of Its Own Revolution

Review of Empowering Revolution: America, Poland, and the End of the Cold War, by Gregory F. Domber (The University of North Carolina Press, 2014)
… of protest happened halfway around the world in Poland, one that would have been unthinkable merely a few years … in the Sejm (Parliament) and the newly-formed Senate to non-Communist candidates. The Polish elections laid the … Sometimes these networks were more efficacious than sanctioned ones. For example, when the deal between Solidarność …
Portrait of Jimmy Carter from 1979.

The Nobel Committee Speaks to America

… Carter. By giving him this honor at this time, the Nobel Committee seized the opportunity to express its concern over … undisputed courage in promoting peace and human rights. A one-term president who was defeated by Ronald Reagan in … emergence of the United States as a world-class power. The one restored peace to the Far East in the first decade of …
John Quincy Adams.

WikiLeaks Reveals a Professionalism of Recent Vintage in the History of American Diplomacy

… president to change this system into the more professional one we have today.   In the early United States, even the … he spent the majority of his time working as a de facto commercial agent for the wealthy New England merchant … the Baltic. In 1809 Adams arrived in St. Petersburg aboard one of William Gray's trading ships, with Gray's son in tow. …
2013 St. Patrick's Day parade in Wappingers Falls, New York.

The Wearing of the Rainbow

… place in colonial New York City (by regiments of Irish soldiers in the British Army). But it was in the mid-19th … pluralist implications of the St. Patrick's Day parade, one has only to look at the event calendars in cities and … this ideal, but it's important to recognize how far we've come. It's in this sense that the St. Patrick's Day parade …
Lindh photographed after being transported to Camp Rhino.

Walker’s Misguided — But No Traitor

… as taking up arms against the government or giving aid and comfort to its enemies. The offense is extremely serious and … to study Arabic. He moved to Afghanistan when it was just one of many countries the United States regarded as … and grief, but they violate no law. Words make no one a traitor. Acts do. Walker has committed no treasonous …
Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District

1885: A European Colonial Dream and an African Nightmare

… Conference on West Africa was signed.  The conference has become known for “carving up  the African continent ” for the … and Niger rivers.  Rather than a defining moment or a milestone, the Berlin Conference was emblematic of an era. Its … army to impose rule. White officers directed African soldiers.  Often “freed” from slavery or “orphaned,” many of …
The First Crusade: The Call from the East, by Peter Frankopan Book Cover.

Restoring the Origins of the First Crusade: A Medieval Chronicle Written in the Twenty-First Century

Review of The First Crusade: The Call from the East, by Peter Frankopan (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012)
… would send out a call throughout western Christendom for soldiers to come to Alexios' aid by appealing to the western desire to … Jerusalem, the damage to Alexios' reputation was already done. As one reads the book, however, one gets the feeling … Medieval …
A view of New York City behind Secretary Gale Norton in a lower Manhattan office space in 2006.

Downsizing Becomes Normal

… Corporate downsizing has proved one aspect of American life apparently unchanged by El Nino … months since, AT&T, Chase Manhattan, Raytheon and Boeing alone announced cuts totaling more than 30,000 people. The … his father, also an Edison employee, counseled him that the company would provide a secure life. Myers’ forced …
Views of the White Tower in Thessaloniki, Greece.

A Postcard from Thessaloniki, Greece

… feet in diameter, the earth-colored structure of stone and mortar stands over 100 feet tall. The arrow slits in … crenellation of the rooftop and its turret exemplify a medieval military fortification. Its image illustrates postcards, coffee mugs and magnets commemorating this relaxed, yet urbane port on the Aegean …
The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, by Lorenz M Luthi Book Cover

Clashing Shades of Red

Review of The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, by Lorenz M Luthi (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008)
… in a workshop where the featured guest made an impassioned argument for answer C.  The collapse of the Soviet … in the Cold War — it drove decision-making within the communist bloc through the 1950s.  For Lüthi, alternative … surface their game was lopsided — "Khrushchev was heading a superpower with increasing commitments around the world, …
Inside the National Veteran's Museum and Memorial - The NVMM's exhibits chronicle the stages of a veteran's experience.

The National Veterans Museum and Memorial

… October 2018, Architectural Digest had already hailed it as one of the most anticipated buildings of 2018. The museum's … and architect seem to have forgotten their potential audience. Inside, the museum distinguishes itself from a … culture. To plan a visit, start with the museum’s excellent website . The entrance to the National Veterans Museum and …
President Gerald Ford in 1975.

The Forgotten Virtues of Gerald Ford

… plus their rough treatment of the media and political opponents, angered many Americans and gouged deep national … Nixon’s supporters and detractors snarled with contempt at one another during the Watergate investigations that finally … he appeared before a joint session of Congress and pledged “communication, conciliation, compromise, and cooperation” …
An unidentified U.S. Marine Corps corporal fires his weapon at a wounded, unarmed Iraqi lying on the floor of a gutted mosque in Fallujah, Nov. 13, 2004. by Kevin Sites found on NPR.org

Shooting the Wounded: What Are the Rules Now?

… this time of a young Marine shooting a wounded Iraqi prisoner in Fallujah. The soldier in question has been removed from duty and may face a … the last decades of the 20th century. Tales of Americans committing atrocities in Korea have persisted for decades. …
A woman on the outskirts of Kyiv carrying a bucket of apricots

Eating at You: Food and Chernobyl

… of independence. And, for many, knowing where your food comes from, intimately, down to the moisture of the soil, … rich sensory experiences that make cooking and eating one of humanity's most sensuous acts. Those pleasures came … strontium and plutonium—up the food chain and into bodies. From this mass monitoring effort, Soviet doctors …
The almshouse at Woburn, Bedfordshire, England

Top Ten Origins: Housing the Poor

… in Silicon Valley (where even people with six-figure incomes may qualify for housing subsidies) have attracted media attention, but they are only the … Why have they adopted certain solutions, and then abandoned them almost immediately? And what has happened when the …