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1960s hippies dancing at a festival.

The Soundtrack of the Summer of Love

… of psychedelic exploration . The Summer of Love marked the coming out party for the counter-culture we now associate … later, as well as the music festivals we see today. In comparison to today’s bloated ticket prices, admission for … she burst out onto the scene receiving incredible audience enthusiasm and critical reception. D.A. Pennebaker …
A drawing by Italian artist Achille Beltrame imagines Archduke Francis Ferdinand's assassination by Gavrilo Princip

The Assassin’s Shadow: The Beginning of World War I and the Legacy of Gavrilo Princip

On June 28, 1914, one event changed the world.
… was promptly arrested and imprisoned, where he would die of tuberculosis in 1918. But while the assassin’s fate … lives and change the face of the planet for generations to come. Gavrilo Princip Legend tells that shortly before his … II Yugoslavia, he came to embody the values of socialism, becoming a people’s hero of anti-imperialism who had liberated …
Cover of Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present by Christopher I. Beckwith.

Between the East and the West

Review of Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, by Christopher I. Beckwith (Princeton University Press 2009)
… separated peoples with the "Central Eurasian Cultural Complex." The crucial element of the Complex is the ruler … into the declining Roman empire. Beckwith describes medieval feudalism, characterized by the special status of the … broader understanding of the Silk Road than the ancient superhighway conjured up in the popular imagination. He sees …
The Fire of Rome, 18 July 64 AD, Oil on Canvas, Robert Hubert, 1785. In the Musee des Beaux-Arts Andre Malraux; Le Havre, France.

The Great Fire of Rome

… fire have long been questioned and debated, the academic community generally blames poor circumstances for Rome’s … from his imagination.  Tacitus, ever the skeptic in comparison, posited a different conclusion. In the absence … quickly begins to seem embellished.  Modern historians have come to a consensus that Tacitus, not Suetonius, is a more …
1992 portrait of General Wesley K. Clark.

Wesley Clark: In the Tradition of Generals Who Make Peace

… officers as presidential contenders. Generals who have become president (there were ten, six of them notable as commanders) have usually succeeded by presenting themselves … Confederacy’s surrender at Appomattox, he squelched his soldiers’ gloating, telling them that “the rebels are our …
Engraving of René Descartes.

A Triumph for Religion as Well as Science

… and natural theology was a debate within the scientific community of the day. Within the modern scientific community, there is no debate; biologists disagree on the … that evolution cannot explain, scientists will not become modern-day natural theologians in droves. Instead, …
The Cornalvo Dam, near the city of Mérida in Spain.

Top Ten Origins: Dams

… are being built in Brazil and China, while campaigns to decommission dams are gaining traction in the United States … sediment from nearby mines marked the location as a toxic Superfund site.   “Elwha be Free,” with painted on cracks on … useable hydraulic head of over 200 meters.   10.  Nature’s Tallest Dam: Usoi Dam, Tajikistan Map of Lake Sarez and Usoi …
Mao proclaiming establishment of PRC.

The Establishment of the People’s Republic of China and Its Impacts

… governmental upheavals after 1911.  Mao Zedong and the Communist Party’s Rise to Victory During the 1920s and … in China, particularly in urban centers. Although the Communists (CCP) had to retreat to rural areas, the party … most of the new migrants to Taiwan were professional soldiers who came from various Chinese provinces, the majority …
Portrait of Francisco Franco in 1964 from Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa

The Death of Franco

… On 20 November 1975, Spanish General Francisco Franco died in bed, signaling the unceremonious end of one of … of the Fallen is a mass burial site that was designed to commemorate the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) as a … negotiated the political transition that followed under the supervision of King Juan Carlos, whom the dictator had …
Image of a junior high school classroom from Harris & Ewing Photographs.

An Historic Opportunity in Education

… enact this substantial change to Title I. This 35-year-old compensatory education legislation has failed to reach its … that would improve public schools. Rep. Caleb R. Layton’s comments during a debate in 1922 on a proposal to combat … and the editor of the Federal Education Policy History website. He is the author of "Failing Grades: The Federal …
Official Program: Woman Suffrage Procession, Washington DC March 3, 1913

I have many things to say (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 2)

… call the Anthony Amendment, and what would eventually become the 19th Amendment. But not for a long time. California … says things like “Oh God, if I have to meet with these ladies, can I at least please pick the time that they come?!” … Oranjudio. Song and band information can be found on our website, and we encourage our listeners to visit episode …
Portrait of Thomas Paine from 1793.

Common Sense: Salute Paine, Not Jefferson, on the Fourth

… Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence will, once again, command center stage. It will be quoted and read in its … who might be persuaded to aid the American cause. Paine’s audience was less refined. They were the common people who … and a testament to the will of the common people — an audience to which Jefferson, for all his brilliance as a …
This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Native Americans.

Tea Parties Then and Now — A Crucial Difference

… capitals and Washington, D.C., to protest the federal income tax. As their name implies and their banners state, … than they realize. But they’re dead wrong in their main complaint: today’s tax policies are a direct result of what … National Philadelphia” and director of American Culture Studies at Bowling Green State University. …
Floor proceedings of the U.S. Senate, in session during the impeachment trial of Bill Clinton

Uneasy Lies the Head that Sleeps in the White House

… Before 1600 (the period most of the English precedents come from), of course, one has to be careful when using … is a distinct possibility that William II was assassinated) died violent deaths at the hands of their subjects. Some, … quietly murdered. Others, like Richard I and Richard III, died fighting the rebels. Another two, King Stephen in 1141 …
President Reagan in February 1985.

Will the GOP Find a New Reagan?

… In November 2009 that angry fragment of the party is embodied by Sarah Palin, Michele Bachmann, Joe Wilson and their … They have shown no inclination toward the kind of compromise that characterized President Reagan on issues … gubernatorial campaign Ronald Reagan declared his 11th Commandment, “Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow …

Should Age Matter? How 65 Came to Be Old and Old Came to Be Ill

… United States. The press, the government, and the medical community claim, often and loudly, that these numbers augur … Neither of these conclusions was foregone; both were expedient answers to social and political pressures. Indeed, … on Aging gave way to the language of political expediency. The problem was no longer dependency, but poverty …
Logo of the Merida Initiative.

War on Drugs: What Won’t Work — Again

… are ruthlessly terrorizing Nuevo Laredo and other border communities. In the past, though, security-first strategies … unrest untreated, so too has U.S. drug policy achieved only superficial success. There’s no reason to expect that Plan … fare any better. In Mexico as in Colombia, the obstacles to combating the drug trade go well beyond a simple lack of …
Emperor Hirohito of Japan in 1971.

Playing Fast and Loose with Historical Analogies

… was the reinterpretation of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Comparing President Kennedy’s action and President Bush’s … administration lacks the kind of documentary evidence that compelled Kennedy to act. Kennedy resisted the use of force even when advisers went beyond recommending air strikes on the missile installations and …
Soldiers from 3rd Infantry Division provide perimeter security for Iraqi policemen at a traffic control point in Tikrit, Iraq.

The Limits of Shock and Awe

… as the war drags on and Americans and Iraqis continue to die. The term "shock and awe" is in keeping with a … Smith returned to England, proclaiming his mission accomplished; but the Virginia Indian wars lasted for decades. … destroyed German morale. American and British faith in superior technology had been misplaced. Twenty years later, …
American W84 warhead from the 1980s.

Nuclear Arms Control – Now, More than Ever

… weapons. A breakthrough on this critical issue could come as part of an overall commitment toward deeper, verifiable nuclear arms cuts. Such a commitment could also be aided by the Comprehensive Nuclear …
The Olympic flag flies at half-staff during a memorial service to the slain Israeli athletes, September 6, 1972.

The Munich Olympic Massacre

… The 1972 Munich Olympics were billed as Die Heiteren Spiele —the “Happy Games.” West Germans hoped … Games” soon became the “Olympics of Terror.” A global audience watched a tragic attack on the Israeli athletes … met to plan Operation “Ikrit and Biram” under mission commander “Issa,” Arabic for Jesus. Ikrit and Biram were two …
In order, India’s Indira Gandhi, Pakistan’s Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and Bangladesh’s Mujibur Rahman

After Midnight

Review of Midnight’s Descendants: A History of South Asia Since Partition, by John Keay (New York: Basic Books, 2014)
… Salman Rushdie’s novel Midnight’s Children features a memorable … of waterways serves as a metaphor for the subcontinent’s complicated post-colonial coming of age. Favoring academic history over Rushdie’s magical realism, Keay’s work examines the history of …