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… constitution started with broader ambitions. Its early proponents called their talks a constitutional convention rather … and diluted the constitution almost beyond recognition. No one bothered to stop calling it a constitution. European … a dramatic reconciliation in the European Coal and Steel Community.Ê Founded with four other countries in 1951, it …

… an international tribunal. The date is an essential milestone in the development of criminal responsibility imposed by the international community for the commission of mass atrocities. Yet, genocide became an international crime much earlier. One of the United Nations’ first acts after it was formed in …

… for their own survival.  The chemicals that Carson questioned—DDT, 2,4-D, Heptachlor, among others—gained widespread … on chemical over-use. While the public, USDA, chemical companies , and farmers embraced pesticides with a fervor one historian has compared to a love story, a growing number …

… to which men will go to take it away from them, and to the complicated politics of one’s immortal soul. Director Josie Rourke reminds the … constantly looms over a Catholic Mary, threatening her throne and her life. This threat ties directly to Mary’s sister …

… expanded legal jurisdiction of the United Nations. “Enemy combatants” captured in the “war on terrorism” are to be … the Quirin (1942) and Yamashita (1946) cases. There is only one problem: these precedents are not worth following. The … behind the conviction. Chief Justice Harlan Fiske Stone wrote that the military tribunals were “not courts whose …

… pot for recreational use. Across the state, celebratory stoners welcomed the New Year by lining up at licensed retailers to buy … face criminal sanctions for getting caught with a drug that one third of all Americans—including college students, …

… by failing to address the problems in Russian society that compelled the radicals to violence, Russian leaders … Jewish settlements the previous month.   Although Irgun phoned in a warning, managers were unable to clear the … in which the terrorists murdered all nine hostages and one German policeman was killed by stray gunfire.  The …

… Dwight D. Eisenhower and Republican legislators took unbecomingly large financial contributions from the appreciative … a lobbyist in front of the White House with a barrelful of money, confronted by an elephant angrily shouting: “I’ve told … into the early 1990s. The 1970s energy crises — anyone over forty remembers the gas lines and swollen electric …

… The reality of the Islamic kingdoms in Iberia was far more complex. Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves … queens, owing to intermarriage with the native population. One Christian ruler even dyed his beard black to conform to … caliphate, though rich and powerful, was toppled in just one century. Cracks in Umayyad rule also threatened the …

… the American military stretched to unprecedented limits, one of the most pressing questions in the presidential … be the riddle of who will fill out the ranks of those stationed in Iraq and fighting the ongoing war on terror. Once … a result, thousands of men openly defied draft laws and welcomed prosecution. And tens of thousands evaded the draft by …

… of “violence.” Pekka Hämäläinen made an argument that the Comanche past constituted an “empire.” Benjamin Madley, … was not historically (nor is there in the present day) one overarching Apache ‘tribe’ or nation.” Despite this … familiar with ‘Chiricahua’ as a cover term for Chihene, Chokonen, Nedni, and Bedonkohe Apaches, I follow recent …

… the Taliban now confront the challenge of governing this complex country and establishing a stable government. Since … art of guerrilla warfare in rural and mountainous terrain, one strand of the movement also developed a sophisticated … brutal attacks on civilians ignited further opposition. Opponents sought refuge in neighboring Iran and Pakistan . More …

… conflicts in Vietnam and Afghanistan are very different, one aspect of the Paris Peace Talks at the end of the … shown the agreement, he felt presented with a fait accompli and refused to consent.   Believing that he had been …

… Apple Computer, Inc. has opened an ambitious, brilliant … probably will and should win some awards, but it strikes one false note for those who know the history of the 20th … to play with the fantasy of having him return to lead one last Satyagraha with the Microserfs against the new …

… 26 of 32 Irish counties received considerable, albeit not complete, independence. The following day, however, six … only just been suppressed when King James I ascended the throne in 1603.  James then encouraged the large-scale … and their relationship with the Protestant minority became one of tense, often confrontational, coexistence. By the …

… civil rights of gays and lesbians. This is precisely why opponents of gay marriage place the issue on a referendum, in … sex.   When supporters of defining marriage as between one man and one woman argue that allowing gay and lesbians … religiously intolerant regimes in the world today.   The outcome of the recent referendum in California shows us that …

… and mechanical innovation, and China had already pioneered steel making and gunpowder. Yet by the 15th century … never set. How did these backward ninth-century Europeans accomplish all this? The obvious answer is "science and technology," but there is a more specific answer — one that warms my engineer's heart — and that is numbers. Or …

… in Kyiv,  December 2013 The year 2014 will no doubt become a caesura, a line dividing Ukraine’s history into … that, though, 2014 erects a wall between supporters and opponents of Maidan . In other words, we find ourselves in a … decided to commit suicide if they heard the “rap.” But no one knocked on their door. And in 1945-46, Karl Jaspers …

… An estimate compiled by the nation’s intelligence services reaches the … leader Kim Jong-un with their hairstyles reversed ( left ). One of the many Tweets from Trump in which he refers to Kim … testing throughout the 1950s and early 1960s had set the tone for Washington to frame proliferation as a threat to …

… pregnant chads. An army of lawyers invaded Florida, but none is brandishing automatic weapons, in stark contrast to … but New York and Virginia remained undecided. Opponents in the New York convention had adjourned without a … to 79. Had Henry chosen to fight, Mason's fears might have come true. The infant nation was fragile. In Massachusetts, …

… the charge went, this crime against the past was being committed by leftist academics out of touch with their … and Records Commission, decided late in 1996, by a one-vote margin, to downgrade its support of the continuing … reverse priorities is another matter. The commission has done so without having conclusively demonstrated that the …

… in the quality of American presidential leadership than comparison of John F. Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban … with nuclear war, he clung to American ideals, violating no one’s rights. He placed some restrictions on the press but … capture of Saddam Hussein, they have failed to realize that one triumph such as Hussein’s apprehension could be …