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1989 Twenty Years On: The End of Communism and the Fate of Eastern Europe

… congregated in streets and squares and demanded the end of communist rule. These are indelible images deeply impressed … so much promise. However, there was no clear vision of the future once the elation of "revolution" subsided. As in so … into the West, especially through Austria. When Gorbachev visited Berlin in the fall, he acted dismissively of the …

"Y'En A Marre!" (We're Fed Up!): Senegal in the Season of Discontent

… from 50% plus one to 25% of the popular vote. This would ensure that Wade could avoid a run-off in 2012 and return for … starting. [Y'En A Marre] want change and their patience has come to an end. Prices are too high, the power fails all the … evidence of the mounting despair of his people over the future was presented in the desperate efforts of thousands …
Sir Christopher Wren

The Society That Started It All: The Origins of Modern Science

Review of The Royal Society and the Invention of Modern Science, by Adrian Tinniswood (New York: Basic Books, 2019.)
… illustrious astronomer and architect Sir Christopher Wren, credited with designing many iconic buildings across Britain … Terrace in 1967. The Society desired a Royal Charter to ensure its permanence, authority, and legitimization. Members … to elevate them to an esteemed position in the eyes of competing Oxbridge scientists, derisive Anglican clergy, and …
President George Bush signing deregulation papers with gas company employees looking on

Texas, Enron, and Energy Monopolies

… hats, longhorn cattle, armadillos and the Alamo would surely all make the cut. But certainly, many would add a … images from Texas of a severe cold snap that left icicles hanging off ceiling fans and stories of families going … least some of the blame can go to the now-disgraced energy company, Enron, and its misuse of long-held American …
The South Korean flag in Seoul, South Korea.

The Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun and the Patterns of South Korean Politics

… remain a bewildering mixture of personalities and principles, and personal allegiances make ROK politics seem … different parties have gained the 20 seats necessary to become a “negotiation group”—a parliamentary caucus that holds … of this cycle of division and integration.  Perhaps not surprisingly, of the eight presidents since the ROK’s …
 Cover of Chivalry in Medieval England by Nigel Saul

Knighthood As It Was, Not As We Wish It Were

Review of Chivalry in Medieval England, by Nigel Saul (Harvard University Press, 416 pp, 2011, ISBN 978-0-674-06368-6)
… wished that things could just be like they used to be. A common sentiment, it is actually responsible for distorting … aristocracy and authors who wanted to spin creative tales of pageantry and adventure. As such, our impression that … financially or politically favorable, the knight could survive, but certainly not for altruistic reasons; the …
Amish schoolhouse in 1941 Pennsylvania.

1/13/2015: Top Ten Origins: The Common Core Curriculum

… Kentucky school, 1946 Common Core is a set of voluntary standards in the United … battle “a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a Nation and a people.” By citing issues ranging … as a time when the U.S. stressed the struggle for national survival against both a rising Asia (think South Korea) and …
John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club.

Conservation — An American, and Republican, Tradition

… of personal virtue, but not a sufficient basis for a sound comprehensive energy policy,” he turned his back on a major … in making local, state, and federal policy amid the pressures of competing social and economic interests.  Cheney’s … shares with the early conservationists an optimism about a future well-managed through technology.  But the profound …

Madame President: A History of the Women Who Ran before Hillary

… 2016, Hillary Rodham Clinton secured enough delegates to become the Democratic nominee for president of the United … by our own words and acts, ignore some of the basic principles of Americanism: the right to criticize, the right to … at least a feeling, that we are making progress and assuring for everyone medical care, employment, and decent …
Carter’s “Crisis of Confidence” Speech.

How Carter’s “Crisis of Confidence” Speech Still Matters

… didn't move beyond their own self interest and embrace a common good. He called on Americans to unify themselves … a war. "Every act of energy conservation is more than just common sense — I tell you it is an act of patriotism."   … fuels. Obama's retort has been that the bill would cost less than a postage stamp a day for the average American.   …
Flag of the Republic of Venezuela (1930-2006)

An End to Interventionism in Venezuela

… 3 presidential election in oil-rich Venezuela, the time has come for an overhaul of the Bush administration’s … Chavez has accused his electoral opponent, Manuel Rosales, the governor of the western state of Zulia, of … in oil-rich Zulia state advocating regional separation. Rosales is a right-wing politician who signed the infamous …
Cover of The Anatomy Murders by Lisa Rosner

The Anatomy Murders

Review of The Anatomy Murders, by Lisa Rosner (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009)
… century the dead bodies themselves became precious commodities because the dissection of human cadavers for … when direct knowledge of anatomy had become a prerequisite for obtaining employment after medical school. "Resurrectionists" quickly filled the gap between the supply …
Official Portrait of President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan

“The Reagans”: The Spirit of Censorship Lives

… history. Ed Gillespie, chairman of the Republican National Committee, complained that the CBS script contains language … skills and commitment to his beliefs and gives him credit for ending the Cold War. On the other hand, it … Gillespie and others do not constitute a noble effort to ensure fair treatment of a historical subject. They represent …
Aerial view of Pearl Harbor, October 1941

Pearl Harbor

… States came to the Pacific in late 1941 was of little surprise to any knowledgeable government or military … could be met and destroyed in a series of climatic battles in which the Japanese would prevail. After a few serious … the bay, devoid of protective torpedo nets, without combat watches on duty, and lacking accessible ammunition, …

The Long, Long Struggle for Women's Rights in Afghanistan

… had very recently joined forces with the celebrated Tajik commander Ahmad Shah Massoud to establish the "Northern … back. For a few moments we stood quietly at the entrance, unsure where to go from there, as conversation halted and all … Young Turk movement and he soon became convinced that the future of the Islamic world in general, and Afghanistan in …
McCain formally announces his candidacy for president in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 2007.

Why McCain and His Running Mate Demand Special Scrutiny

… mates of even young and vigorous presidents should be completely qualified to take over all presidential duties in … his years as a prisoner of war to his more recent battles against malignant melanomas, McCain has persevered. … life show the effects of the accelerated aging process that come with a presidency fraught with trials — like the one …
A map of northern Ireland

Ending the War in Northern Ireland

… is over. There will be celebrations, and peace will be welcomed by the ordinary people of Ulster. But as the great … war by murdering Catholics. So how can the peace settlement survive? All parties in Ireland use history to justify their … The politicians on both sides are acutely aware of the lessons the past can teach them. And only once this century …
Free speech march at Ohio State University in the mid-20th century

Politics and Protest on College Campuses

… But how does political engagement on campuses today compare to the history of American campus activism, … protests can teach campus activists, administrators, and communities today. For more on OSU campus protests in the … Song and band information can be found on our website. You can find our podcasts and more on our website
Tanks rolling off a German assembly line in 1943

The Nature of World War II

… delivered 180,000 soldiers onshore but also 14,000 vehicles, 600 tanks, and 1,800 large guns—half of this huge … in continents far removed from the conflict because of the compelling demand that war creates for forest and … Boeing Plant 2, and hundreds of other military-industrial sites spewed the noxious pollutants that would eventually …
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at a press conference in 1964.

Martin Luther King’s True Legacy: Revolutionary Ideals

… civil rights workers intentionally created national discomfort in cities, north as well as south, throughout the 1960s. Holding true to his principles is what compelled him to take a deeply reflective antiwar stance in …