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The Illegalization of Marijuana: A Brief History

… pot for recreational use. Across the state, celebratory stoners welcomed the New Year by lining up at licensed retailers to buy … in the realm of alternative medicine, and few clinical studies have been conducted to confirm specific claims. After …
Cygnet, Ohio, in Wood County was a booming oil town with 13 saloons and many workers when this photo was taken in 1885.

An Energy Plan for You!

… Dwight D. Eisenhower and Republican legislators took unbecomingly large financial contributions from the appreciative … a lobbyist in front of the White House with a barrelful of money, confronted by an elephant angrily shouting: “I’ve told … to be completely captured by his fossil fuel buddies. Eisenhower, in fact, ended up vetoing the deregulation …
Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves with Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada.

The Iberian Realm of Islam

Review of Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain, by Brian A. Catlos (New York: Basic Books, 2018)
… immigration ban. Timely then that veteran religious studies scholar Brian A. Catlos has published an overview of … The reality of the Islamic kingdoms in Iberia was far more complex. Castilian ambassadors attempt to ally themselves … queens, owing to intermarriage with the native population. One Christian ruler even dyed his beard black to conform to …
Poster that says, "Resist," at a Yale University anti-draft rally in 1968.

The Political Costs of Filling the Ranks

… the American military stretched to unprecedented limits, one of the most pressing questions in the presidential … a result, thousands of men openly defied draft laws and welcomed prosecution. And tens of thousands evaded the draft by … is slipping. According to one Illinois National Guard soldier in Iraq, the uncertainty of when troops will rotate our …
Palestinians during the first intifada, 1987. (Photo by Peter Stepan)

The Long Shadow of the June 1967 War

… ceasefires in 1949 and 1956, they failed to resolve the complex underlying Arab-Israeli controversies over … in Glassboro, New Jersey in an effort to de-escalate superpower tensions that had been aggravated by the war. … Peninsula following the 1979 Egypt-Israel peace treaty. On one hand, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula in …
Cover of Apache Diaspora by Paul Conrad.

“Diaspora” as a Creative and Historical Force

Review of The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival, by Paul Conrad (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021)
… of “violence.” Pekka Hämäläinen made an argument that the Comanche past constituted an “empire.” Benjamin Madley, … was not historically (nor is there in the present day) one overarching Apache ‘tribe’ or nation.” Despite this … of scholarship typically based in African diasporic studies, Conrad’s use of the term highlights the long history …
LA 92, directed by Dan Lindsay, T.J. Martin

At the Movies: LA 92: The Right to be Angry

… hope of providing fresh insight on six days of civil disobedience that brought Los Angeles, California to a standstill … identifies two court decisions as catalysts for the events. One is Judge Joyce Karlin’s minor sentence, which included … distraught business owners next to coverage of families and communities reeling from extrajudicial violence runs …
Karzai with former US President George W. Bush and wife Laura Bush at Camp David in 2007.

Keep Karzai in the Loop

… conflicts in Vietnam and Afghanistan are very different, one aspect of the Paris Peace Talks at the end of the … shown the agreement, he felt presented with a fait accompli and refused to consent.   Believing that he had been …
A photo of the Steamship Martha Washington in 1913.

Thinking Differently about “Think Different”

… Apple Computer, Inc. has opened an ambitious, brilliant … probably will and should win some awards, but it strikes one false note for those who know the history of the 20th … to play with the fantasy of having him return to lead one last Satyagraha with the Microserfs against the new …
Protestors against the U.S. Trump administration voice their commitment to the world's dispossessed.

The Politics of Refugee Aid in America’s “Short Century”

Review of Benevolent Empire: U.S. Power, Humanitarianism, and the World's Dispossessed , by Stephen R. Porter Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
… U.S. Power, Humanitarianism, and the World’s Dispossessed comes at a time that many observers of U.S. domestic … often clashed with domestic political currents. Porter hones in on refugee aid as a major pillar of U.S. … of private relief campaigns during WWI, however, was the supervisory role taken on by the U.S. government. By 1944, …
Old man sitting alone in a park.

Social Security Reform for All

… which stand to make hundreds of millions in fees and commissions, and anti-welfare state conservative ideologues, … argue that market-driven private programs are inherently superior to those in the public sector. History should … income, Social Security in the United States has long functioned as a supplementary “safety net.” It is designed to …
The theatrical poster for Birth of a Nation.

3/25/2015: At the Movies: "Birth of a Nation" After 100 Years

One hundred years ago this month, American movie-going audiences experienced a cinematic spectacular : D. W. … a “Black Empire” in the broken south. Protagonist Austin Stoneman’s mixed-race housekeeper, Lydia Brown, is a temptress …
The 3rd Tipperary Brigade of the Old IRA, pictured during the early 1920s.

100 Years of Irish Independence and Division

… 26 of 32 Irish counties received considerable, albeit not complete, independence. The following day, however, six … only just been suppressed when King James I ascended the throne in 1603.  James then encouraged the large-scale … and their relationship with the Protestant minority became one of tense, often confrontational, coexistence. By the …
The Epsom Clock Tower in the UK.

How Clocks Helped Conquer the World

… and mechanical innovation, and China had already pioneered steel making and gunpowder. Yet by the 15th century … never set. How did these backward ninth-century Europeans accomplish all this? The obvious answer is "science and technology," but there is a more specific answer — one that warms my engineer's heart — and that is numbers. Or …
Patrick Henry Addressing the Virginia Assembly. Lithograph from the painting by A. Chappal. Engraved by H. B. Hall.

A Time to Listen

… for Independence. "Liberty or Death" exemplifies the do-or-die attitude. Surprisingly, Patrick Henry's conduct when he … pregnant chads. An army of lawyers invaded Florida, but none is brandishing automatic weapons, in stark contrast to … to 79. Had Henry chosen to fight, Mason's fears might have come true. The infant nation was fragile. In Massachusetts, …
Seal of the United States National Archives and Records Administration. The seal is described in 36 C.F.R. § 1200.2 as: The seal is centered on a disc with a double-line border. The words NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION encircle the inside of the seal and the date 1985 is at the bottom center.

Downgrading the Founders

… the charge went, this crime against the past was being committed by leftist academics out of touch with their … and Records Commission, decided late in 1996, by a one-vote margin, to downgrade its support of the continuing … reverse priorities is another matter. The commission has done so without having conclusively demonstrated that the …
2nd Battalion, 7th Marines packing up gear to withdraw from Al-Taqaddum Air Base, 24 March 2020.

Vietnam and Iraq: The Benefits of Getting Out

… stay the course in that conflict have taken on a desperate tone. The president and his supporters frequently cite the … Vietnam analogy is not so much the difficulty of drawing comparisons between two different situations. The problem is … United States lacks the wisdom and maturity required of a superpower. As in Vietnam, withdrawal from Iraq is not an …
scene from the video game Valiant Hearts, The Great War

Top Ten Origins: Historically Themed Video Games

… of four primary protagonists: an African American soldier, a Belgian nurse, a German soldier, and his French … (1994) Strategic Simulations, Inc. (SSI) began developing computer games in 1979, but only established itself as a … 3. Battlefield 1 (2016) Battlefield 1 conveys the tone and historical context of the First World War well. The …
A map showing China and the United States

Another Cold War? China This Time?

… Buchanan, oppose normal trade relations with China. About one-third of the House of Representatives, which votes … who were then fighting the founders of today’s communist government, a deployment almost unknown to … throw of Chinese territory, an estimated 260,000 Chinese soldiers poured across the border to push them and their allies …
voting button by Steve Rainwater, Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0

Race and Voting, Past and Present

… should we do about it? The first episode is the easy one. Barring somebody from the polls on the explicit basis … lists, precinct workers were instructed to dial a central phone line or to check registration lists on a laptop computer. But very few majority-black districts received the …
Wedding rings.

Getting Government Out of Marriage, and Vice Versa

… According to the opponents of gay marriage, the Nov. 18 Massachusetts Supreme … ban against it is traditionally based on the words of a medieval German rabbi and remains restricted to Jews resident … so that all Jews could go back to biblical ways. The Ten Commandments are mute about gay marriage. Males in a …
Map of the Gaza Strip in May 2005, a few months prior to the Israeli withdrawal. The major settlement blocs were the blue-shaded regions of this map.

Threads of Hope Glimmer in the Middle East

… while negotiations proceed on an Israeli-Palestinian prisoner exchange. The conflict with no signs of let-up is not … war they fought with Israel during the summer of 2006.   One should also bear in mind the broader context of regional … treaty-based Israeli-Egyptian relationship is infinitely superior to the incessant warfare that characterized the …