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First house built with a loan from the Federal Housing Administration after World War II.

Reforming a Welfare State

… the English economist, Joan Robinson, lecturing to a U.S. audience on the British welfare state, was asked to comment on the American “welfare state.” Explaining that the … contemporary political parlance. To answer that question, one might look briefly at what happened to the Western …
Tanks rolling off a German assembly line in 1943

The Nature of World War II

… prior to Operation Husky. Those ships delivered 180,000 soldiers onshore but also 14,000 vehicles, 600 tanks, and 1,800 … craft carried not people but supplies; 20 carried water alone. In subsequent days, other supplies would follow: food, … in continents far removed from the conflict because of the compelling demand that war creates for forest and …
The Algerian flag.

Torture in Iraq: Lessons from Algeria

… be said, it’s shameful.” These are the words of a French soldier, Raymond Dumas, who witnessed torture during France’s … to the Geneva Conventions on war, the French government nonetheless insisted that these conventions weren’t … These French units exploited the unclear lines of their own command authority to act somewhat independently of the rest …
American soldiers land near Algiers

Torch: The Allied Invasion of French North Africa, 1942

… the Axis, operation Torch constituted the biggest and most complex amphibious landing to that point in world history.  … The path to Northwest Africa, however, was never a foregone conclusion. America’s commitment to the Allied war … North Africa by year’s end.  Hoping to give French soldiers an opportunity to cooperate with the Allies and …
Vicente Fox Quesada

Will Fox be a Mexican Jefferson?

… bulk of the population. The system foiled all potential opponents through brutality, patronage and corruption. The … as the sole arbiter of labor and political issues. The concomitant opening of the markets hurt several domestic giants … a professional and competent team of advisers. The one-time Coca-Cola executive projected an image of a regular …
Actors in the Berezil troupe, 1922.

Ukrainian Theater on the Soviet Stage

… was destroyed, dangerous, and barely supported life, let alone theater. They traveled through a war zone to a small … ensuing chaos and devastation, painfully relevant to all audiences who had endured not only World War I , but also the … Avant-Garde of the 1910s and 1920s (Rodovid, 2015). Website: “Open Kurbas” created by Tetiana Rudenko and the …
The federal government commissioned a series of public murals from the artists it employed: William Gropper's Construction of a Dam (1939) is characteristic of much of the art of the 1930s, with workers seen in heroic poses, laboring in unison to complete a great public project.

Guess What? The New Deal Worked!

… Since the economic crisis we’re now in is being compared to the Great Depression, the solutions being … (R-Ohio) is so angry at the New Deal that he told an audience recently that Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal actually … was largely unraveled, and government tax policy shifted money from the middle class to the wealthiest. Since 1980 the …
Portrait of General Winfield Scott.

When “Sensitivity” Has Opened the Road to Victory

… Cheney told a Dayton, Ohio, gathering on Aug. 12 that none of America’s victories in war can be attributed to … one of the most sensitive and successful coalition commanders of all time. Cheney forgets that Ike diverted … his remarks suggest that his historical understanding is superficial. If Cheney’s views reflect the Bush …
Bande dessinée par Ali Delim pour marquer la vingtième anniversaire de la mort de Saïd Mekbel

1/30/2015: Les dangers d'être humoriste: Charlie Hebdo n’est pas le seul

… La juxtaposition du rire et de la tragédie dans les fusillades de Charlie Hebdo a suscité une recherche profonde pour découvrir comment les hommes armés sont venus à être si irrités par … que d’autres travailleurs des médias en dehors des zones de combat pour se retrouver dans le collimateur des …
The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, which was constructed by the Umayyads in the 8th century.

Islamic Imperialism: A History

Review of Islamic Imperialism: A History, by Efraim Karsh (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006)
… relationship with the larger world. The result is a compelling, albeit incomplete, portrait of politics in a … extreme. However, it is in this context, Karsh argues, that one must understand the Arab rejection of the Jewish right … cause" of the Middle East's problems, whereas it is merely one symptom of the larger struggle between Islam and …
Cover of Mother of Invention by Robert I. Field

Government Fingers in the Health Care Jar?

Review of Mother of Invention: How the Government Created "Free Market Health Care", by Robert I. Field (Oxford University Press, 2013)
… pay for everything from hospital visits to prescriptions, one needs health insurance. Of the country’s entire … by various government policies of the twentieth century. In one of the final chapters, the author outlines how the state … that translates to the future of American health care comes in his final chapter. “Health care cannot function,” …
The Soldiers' Home in Washington, D.C.

“What I Did On My Summer Vacation,” by the President

… residence. Beginning in 1862, the Lincolns officially vacationed each year from about late June through early November at the Soldiers’ Home, an institution for disabled military veterans … view of wartime Washington. On most mornings, Lincoln commuted into the city, but during hot summer months his …
 In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement, by Michael Lienesch Book Cover.

In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement

Review of In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, The Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement, by Michael Lienesch (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2007)
… for those unfamiliar with such theory. Lienesch's comparisons of the antievolution movement to other social … including Edward Larson's excellent Summer for the Gods , one is left wishing Lienesch had lived up to his original … as well as Catholicism and Judaism. Modern proponents of "intelligent design" – the new name given to the …
Unification council of Orthodox Church in Ukraine, 2018.

The Religious Roots of the War in Ukraine

… that emerged in the ninth century around Kyiv. The medieval Primary Chronicle tells how, in 988, Grand Prince Volodymyr of Kyiv was baptized by the Greeks at Chersonesus in Crimea before returning to his capital to baptize … in the Ukrainian Republic . By 1992, there were three competing Orthodox churches in Ukraine: the UOC-MP, a new …
Plumes of smoke billow from the World Trade Center towers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, after a Boeing 767 hits each tower during the September 11 attacks.

Security May Be Too Expensive

… John Ashcroft asks for authority to hold non-citizens incommunicado indefinitely if the government regards them as a … that the current law restricting wiretaps to a specific phone number is obsolete in an age when people commonly  have multiple telephones and e-mail. He argues that the government needs more …

Populism and Anti-Americanism in Modern Latin America

… Brazil and Chile, are not populists. Consequently, the most common definition of populism in political science today … ruling elite and formed new movements of previously nonexistent voters. They captured a large part of the vote by … (most likely killed by the military that dropped their bodies in the shark infested ocean). Furthermore, declassified …
Cover of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer by Wendell E. Pritchett.

Invisible Man

Review of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer , by Wendell E. Pritchett (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
… the idea of a color-blind America. Media pundits and social commentators nationwide claimed that Obama's election … policies that address racism and inopportunity because everyone, regardless of race or ethnicity, has an equal chance … housing.  Pritchett rightfully calls Weaver a "racial pioneer" (p. 352).  Pritchett maintains that Weaver held firm …
school girls in class - Studying biology and physics from English textbooks presents challenges in understanding the material but is necessary because their state examinations will be in English.

A Postcard from Pakistan: Girls Education in Gilgit-Baltistan

… of only 0.75 years of schooling during their lifetime as compared to rural boys who receive 10.76 years. Further, … language, biology, English, math, physics, and Islamic studies. When I walked into their classrooms, they were shy to … questions in front of me, but as I approached them one-by-one, they were eager to show me their textbooks and …