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… The Republican-dominated U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, a landmark measure negotiated … disarmament and other pledges made in the NPT. Ignoring the commitments made by his Democratic and Republican … least the next half-century. The review also included contingency plans for U.S. nuclear attacks upon non-nuclear …

… rights issues, others Chinese foreign policy, but the most common rhetorical barbs tie back to trade and currency. This … else in its cargo: more than 20,000 Spanish silver coins. The goods the Americans were bringing would not be … V of Spain minted in Mexico in 1739 ( left ). 1888 “Trade Coins” from Mexico with multiple “chop” marks made by …

… Belgium's plans to make a special-edition euro coin commemorating the Battle of Waterloo. Belgium still … that allows individual nations to unilaterally produce coins of irregular denominations. 70,000 2½ euro coins were minted, bearing the years 1815-2015 and an image …

… by any other intelligence agency,” especially as telecommunication technology advances. Perhaps surprisingly, … It was made instead in the 1970s by the Senate’s Church Committee when it held hearings on the activities of the … unofficially called 215, collected metadata from U.S. telecommunications companies, revealing the date, time, …

… already been showing up in recent history. Millennials have come of age hearing they are the first generation in … Breadline in San Francisco, California 1933 (right). Adams’ compelling phrase summarized his portrait of America. He … would displace Chinese laundry operators, 1886. That biting commentary shows how deeply the phrase had rooted in the …

… measles, typhus, and influenza decimated Indigenous communities in the Americas is a commonly held one. Like so much of our popular conceptions … Aztec victims of a sixteenth-century epidemic. This image accompanies the quoted text, taken from Nahua historians and …

… done it with these water and sewer systems that have become ubiquitous in our lifetimes.   Nicholas Breyfogle  The … finally improve water quality.   Speaker 6  The special Subcommittee on water pollution will be in order.   Manny … that community is at the table for that process.   Nick Komives  Toledo is really too hard on itself. The …

… over Confederate monuments. How do these two trends in commemorating our nation’s past relate to one anther? What … Brenna Miller  Welcome to History Talk, the podcast that brings together a … What's at stake in the battle over them and what do the competing narratives of history that these controversies …

… Glory, at Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia. The monument commemorates those who died defending the city 1942-1943. In … several weeks by a handful of Soviet defenders under the command of the eponymous Lieutenant Pavlov, is partially … destroyed during the battle ( left ), and the Monument to Komsomol Defenders of Stalingrad ( right ). Stalingrad’s …

… and a staggering landmark in human population growth combined to give new urgency to the existential question of … interact with the natural workings of the earth system in complex, unprecedented ways and in a markedly short … and our existence. Environmental priorities have become far more desperate imperatives in the past 20 years, as …

… 2009, with events sponsored by national and state "Lincoln Commissions," and because of the remarkable presidential … like a badge of honor. So now that the Darwin Year has come to a close, I want to review the difficult reception … exhibits a certain degree of variation, he proposed that competition over resources and breeding would tend to favor, …

… West for military aid by the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos. Frankopan then goes on to show exactly why and how … out a call throughout western Christendom for soldiers to come to Alexios' aid by appealing to the western desire to … once again. Throughout this narrative, Bohemond also becomes a heroic figure among the crusaders, renowned for his …

… Until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the combination of new technology with the "classically liberal" … the years before World War I was most remarkable for combining expanding trade, growth, and industrialization … of state power oriented toward global military and economic competition.  Until 1873, when a newly united Germany …

… While not explicitly backing Manila, Obama stressed his commitment to preserving stability in  the South China Sea . … that retains a strong presence, has been particularly complex. Historically Philippine leaders have resented … Lyndon Johnson —contributed only a small civil affairs contingent of around 2,000 troops. Citing the need to maintain …

… the violence had already begun. But the worst was yet to come. Saturday’s rally was scheduled to start at noon, but … have spent their careers demonstrating that  Confederate commemoration  tells us precious little about the Civil War … of “states’ rights” rather than slavery. The Duke Tobacco Company of Durham, NC published heroic profiles of …

… which plan to test the next generation of bombs on computers rather than under the ground. But who’s paying … to the final frontiers — space and the virtual realm of computer technology. They have a passionate booster in Donald Rumsfeld. The Air Force’s Space Command boasts that it can develop computerized satellites …

… history. The train stops in Urgench, a quiet and comparatively modern city of about 150,000 people. Exiting … fourth century B.C.E. Khorezmians were minting their early coins by the second century B.C.E. A century later the … and established a mint to create Khivan gold and silver coins. Khivan rulers also worked to improve the ability of …

… with a column praising the strategic savvy and tactical competence of abdicated Alaska governor Sarah Palin. Broder … her hand.) "Her invocation of 'conservative principles and common-sense solutions' was perfectly conventional," Broder … changes which simultaneously depressed the value of their commodities and plunged them into ruinous debt at the hands …

… evening, his well-deserved vindication will probably never come. Thrust into a difficult situation — one he handled … Nixon would not be prosecuted for any crimes he might have committed. Forever afterward, Ford was dogged by charges … for Ford’s reputation to rebound. The rebound has never come. Invariably, in every poll and book and study, he is …

… Smith returned to England, proclaiming his mission accomplished; but the Virginia Indian wars lasted for decades. … Revolution, Britain's Captain Patrick Ferguson believed his ingenious breech-loading rifle would guarantee victory. His … this terror from the air." Any society would experience "a complete breakdown," as civilians, seeking to end their …

… drawing to a close, the ghosts of Southern history have become important players in national politics. The fallout … emotional support of Virginia’s ban on cross-burning. The incoming governor of Georgia meanwhile ponders whether to … brought national largesse to Mississippi. In doing so, he compromised his own supposed aversion to the federal …