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A makeshift hospital in Iowa during the 1918 flu pandemic

Pandemics: Past, Present, Future

… Thomas McDow, Erin Moore, and Kristina Sessa. ( Image Source )   This content is made possible, in part, by Ohio … for the Humanities. Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this content do not necessarily … in the in Central Asia early in the 1300s. Black Death hit Europe between 1347 and 1351. But had aftershocks that ran …
Under Attlee's direction, the Labour Party's position on foreign affairs in the 1930s was somewhat inconsistent. A believer in the "collective security" represented by the League of Nations, Attlee opposed rearmament even as he pushed for firmer measures against Nazi aggression.

A Sheep in Sheep’s Clothing

Review of Clement Attlee: The Man Who Made Modern Britain, by John Bew (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017).
… war. While he respected the Labour leader (the two were personal friends), Churchill clearly regarded Attlee as a … – the Labour Party emerged from the 1945 election with a commanding majority in the House of Commons – Attlee achieved what no other Labour leader had …
penguin standing on sand at a beach with a plant and ocean behind it

Early Encounters with Penguins

… about the many different roles that penguins took on as Europeans first began to encounter them in the mid-1500s, … the starving. Over the course of the following centuries, Europeans had many different interactions with penguins, and … which were only slowly understood to be unique to the South. Featuring Ellen Arnold, an environmental historian …
Senator J. William Fulbright in 1966.

Advice from the Past about Yugoslavia

… Serbs? Will provisions for the demilitarization of the Kosovo Liberation Army and respect for Yugoslavia’s … and relying on military superiority and instead find common ground with its adversaries. In October 1962 Kennedy … Kennedy to move away from seeing foreign policy as a tough competitive game. He came to appreciate the human stakes …
Glacial melt from Myrdalsjökull glacier in the south (jökull means glacier in Icelandic). Note the alluvial cones formed by volcanic ash and sediment.

A Postcard from Reykjavik: Iceland’s Volcanic History

… when volcanoes formed Iceland’s unique island landscapes some 20 million years ago. But in the 1,100 years that … been interwoven with human history. Although the data are incomplete, over 170 volcanic eruptions have been recorded in … from the Ring Road; Iceland's Ring Road, Highway 1, was completed in 1974 and circles the island in an 828 mile …
Count Gaston aboard his Jeantaud electric, 1899.

The Jeantaud Electric Car Land Speed Record

… single kilometer. Although the only electric vehicle at the competition, the Jeantaud handily beat its gasoline-powered competition at the Parc Agricole d’Achères outside Paris.  … Europe …
Sir Christopher Wren

The Society That Started It All: The Origins of Modern Science

Review of The Royal Society and the Invention of Modern Science, by Adrian Tinniswood (New York: Basic Books, 2019.)
… revolutionary journal of record, The Royal Society embodied modern scientific principles. Gresham College, where … to elevate them to an esteemed position in the eyes of competing Oxbridge scientists, derisive Anglican clergy, and … backlash occurred before notable nineteenth-century flashpoints, such as the publishing of Robert Chambers’ Vestiges …
image of Mendeleev with periodic table of elements in background

Mendeleev's Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev's looming publishing deadline resulted in a system that classified all of the chemical elements.
… all of the chemical elements.  Written by Ann E. Robinson. Narration by Nicholas Breyfogle.  Video production by … Ann E. Robinson … Europe …
ancient Vikings

Rus Not Russia

The Russian government’s rationale for the war in Ukraine is not about oil, coal, or natural resources. It is about asserting specious historical claims.
… for the war in Ukraine is not about oil, coal, or natural resources. It is about asserting specious historical claims. … for the war in Ukraine is not about oil, coal, or natural resources. It is about asserting specious historical claims. … Medieval … Europe …
Soldiers aiming guns at two men in May 1848 in Dresden

The 1848 German Revolutions

On March 9, 1848, the twenty-three members of the Hanau People’s Commission—leading citizens of the small German city on the Main River, upstream from Frankfurt—declared their participation in the quickly-spreading upheaval of the March 1848 Revolutions.
… 9, 1848, the twenty-three members of the Hanau People’s Commission—leading citizens of the small German city on the … the Prince-Elector (in German, Kurfurst) of Hesse, the sovereign ruler of a principality stretching from Hanau … 9, 1848, the twenty-three members of the Hanau People’s Commission—leading citizens of the small German city on the …
The Romanov Family

The Romanov Tercentenary: Commemoration, History, and Power

… the Russias.” Services in Moscow capped a series of events commemorating the Romanovs’ tercentenary, in what proved to … with all the pomp of the imperial court. Yet, as Nicholas sought refuge in the vaunted memory of Mikhail’s Russia, he … deemed oppositional, the tsar brusquely cut him off. He welcomed supplicant peasant elders, but Kostroma was part of a …
marriage of Marguerite of Anjou and Henry VI in 1445

Power Behind the Throne: The Women of the War of the Roses

Review of Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses, by Sarah Gristwood (New York: Basic Books, 2013)
… behind-the-scenes may have been as important to the outcome of events as the men’s on the battlefield. In Blood … of Bosworth. Gristwood makes good use of the fragmentary sources available to medieval scholars, transitioning smoothly between exposition … Europe … Medieval …
People wearing masks

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

Germ theory helped to usher in the widespread use of cloth masks.
… of often vitriolic public debates. Both futuristic and somehow archaic at the same time, millions now depend on … Managing Editors Lauren Henry and Sarah Paxton ; Associate Editors: Mina Park and Kristin Osborne We thank the … for the Humanities. Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this content do not necessarily …
A photo of the Great Synagogue of Rome.

The Catholic Church and the Holocaust

… argue that she was murdered because of her Jewish blood. Some of them have gone so far as to accuse the Church of … “Christianize” the Holocaust in order to play down Catholic complicity in Nazi atrocities. This controversy comes at a … did. Stephen A. Allen is a doctoral candidate in the Medieval Institute at the University of Notre Dame and a …
2009 Tour de France winner Alberto Contador

The Tour de France and The Yellow Jersey

In 1919, Eugene Christophe was awarded the first yellow jersey, but he did not win the Tour de France that year.
… the race. [Correction: As of 2022, France has held 7 races solely in France since 1947.] Written by Darcy Benson. Narration by Nicholas B. Breyfogle. Video production by … Darcy Benson … Europe …
Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Justus Sustermans

400 Years Ago the Catholic Church Prohibited Copernicanism

What lessons can be learned from the thought and actions of Galileo, who became the “Father of Modern Science”?
… continues to our day. Do these Church actions prove the incompatibility between science and religion? What lessons can be learned from the thought and actions of Galileo, … into trouble. A geocentric model of the solar system (top) compared to the heliocentric model (bottom) Galileo …
French people waving flags and holding "Liberation" sign

The Liberation of Paris

On August 25th, 1944, Paris was liberated after more than four years of Nazi occupation.
… about this important moment in World War II, as well as the soldiers and civilians who took part in the liberation. Written … Editors Lauren Henry, Sarah Paxton and Brionna Mendoza; Associate Editor: Mina Park and Kristin Osborne We thank the … Europe …
Cover of Caesar A Life in Western Culture by Maria Wyke.

A Man for All Seasons

Review of Caesar: A Life in Western Culture, by Maria Wyke (Chicago 2008)
… her work into chapters focusing on the individual episodes of Caesar's life that she has chosen.  Chapter 2 … Whereas in the 20th century, Caesar could just as easily become the savage conqueror again, someone to be resisted … who would finally surrender to Caesar in 51 B.C., would become the symbol of the revolutionary spirit in 19th- and …
flags of countries

Whither the Nation-State?

… up the existing international state system-the Council of Europe issued a first-time declaration on October 9, 1993 … became painfully aware of this when numbers of their soldiers were killed in Somalia under the direction of a United … historian Eugen Weber Nationalism in the Twentieth Century points out that the "French" spoke a mosaic of regional …
An Armenian woman leans over her dead child near Aleppo, Syria,1915.

On the Armenian Genocide

… On April 24, 2015, much of the world will commemorate the centennial of one of the most highly … that the facts of the matter are in doubt, said something absurd, like “There was no genocide, and the … into the Armenian Massacres of 1894-1896,” Comparative Studies in Society and History , XXIV, 3 (July 1982), pp. …