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"Where do we go from here?," a 1920 cartoon depicting the League of Nations Covenant and the Treaty of Versailles

The Versailles Treaty Fight

… was long remembered is as a conflict between Wilsonian internationalists and so-called “isolationists.” According to … deeper American participation in global affairs and international organizations. The latter desired to isolate the … Supposedly, the isolationists represented a deeply rooted national sentiment that went back to George Washington’s …

From Gaza to Jerusalem: Is the Two State Solution under Siege?

… to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and heightened international tensions. The Gaza imbroglio has been the latest … saying) complex, combining conflicting land claims of rival nationalist movements, religious emotion, international strategic factors, and basic disagreements over the …

An Enemy Until You Need A Friend: The Role of "Big Government" in American History

… later, in 1792, Congress created what was then a huge new national program when it passed the Postal Act. The act … transportation network necessary for this, it chartered the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad corporations. The … large-scale transportation projects that started with the Union and Central Pacific railroads and also included …
U.S. Department of Homeland Security seal.

Sharing the Burdens of War

… reelection campaign in 1864 because of uneven support for a Union effort that critics called “a rich man’s war, a poor man’s fight.” The Union had adopted a draft but allowed men to avoid the army … M. Schocket is author of “Founding Corporate Power in Early National Philadelphia” and director of American Culture …

"Merchants of Death": The International Traffic in Arms

… supplier in the early 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union. He acquired a fleet of Soviet military aircraft … the weapons’ sales are legal in the context of shifting national and international law. Bout also exemplifies the …
Tilden illustration - a hand on another hand that is on a gun on a table with papers

Top Ten Origins: Other “Unprecedented” Elections in American History

… political norms, permanently altered the composition of national political coalitions, or revealed structural … between Breckinridge and John Bell, of the Constitutional Union party. Although Bell earned some votes in the lower … to the emerging Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Republicans therefore thought their nominee, …

"Y'En A Marre!" (We're Fed Up!): Senegal in the Season of Discontent

… 23, 2011, I arrived for a morning of research in Senegal's national archives, in the coastal African country's capital … from the presidential palace and around the corner from the National Assembly. The night before, there were disturbances … years old and already in office for 11 years, had asked the National Assembly to approve two major revisions to the …

We Won’t Shut up and Dribble: A Short History of Black Athletic Protest

… he was jogging in Brunswick, Georgia. The clip sparked national outrage, especially since the local police … White jockeys also excluded black riders from their union. In 1900, jockeys in New York conspired to exclude … Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf refused to stand for the National Anthem in 1996 to protest America's racism. Yet the activism …
 Cover of The Gold Standard at the Turn of the Twentieth Century Rising Powers, Global Money, and the Age of Empire by Steven Bryan.

All that Glitters Is Not Laissez-Faire

Review of The Gold Standard at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Rising Powers, Global Money, and the Age of Empire, by Steven Bryan (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010)
… aspect of English-style liberal economics for their own nationalist ends.  This is not to say that Bryan dismisses … statist economic institutions, restrictions on trade, and nationalist ideology united in pursuit of the of the … away from the silver based (and French-led) Latin Monetary Union.  In the United States, where coining silver halted in …
The National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.

With God on Our Side

… is on our side, President Bush assures us. Speaking at the National Cathedral on September 14, 2001, he declared that … evil.” The service ended with the singing of the Civil War anthem, “Battle Hymn of the Republic.” To rid the world of … the presence of slave states such as Kentucky in the Union required that he temper his convictions with …
man with a gun in a holster

Top Ten Origins: Gun Regulation

… the standard U.S. musket and decided there was “risk to the national safety by adopting new inventions without being … limit gun possession. 8. Early Federal Legislation The National Firearms Acts of 1934 and 1938 required … through the U.S. postal system, Congress passed the National Firearms Acts of 1934 and 1938. These laws required …
John F. Kennedy and Dr. Alvin Weinburg at the Graphite Reactor Oak Ridge National Lab in 1959.

The Dangers – Then and Now – of a Pre-Emptive Strike

… So far the Bush administration has wisely allowed the international community to take the lead in responding to the … been halting but still hold promise. Recently, European Union officials discussed diplomatic and economic sanctions … but he also thought he had a better idea. He believed Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev could be persuaded to take …
School Lunch Politics: The Surprising History of America's Favorite Welfare Program, by Susan Levine Book Cover

Playing Politics with Our Children's Health

Review of School Lunch Politics: The Surprising History of America's Favorite Welfare Program, by Susan Levine (Princeton University Press, 2008)
… most popular social welfare programs." (p. 2). Indeed, the National School Lunch Program has been loved and hated by … II, Levine argues that nutrition was viewed as "a matter of national defense." National security during the war and postwar eras depended …
1864 depiction of the Fort Pillow Massacre in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper

Ten Moments of White Supremacist Violence in U.S. History

… re-emerged in 1915 at Stone Mountain, GA and grew into a national organization in the 1920s. During the Civil Rights … Illustrated Newspaper ( right ). In response to the Union Army’s enlistment of black men, Confederate President … captured black troops as slave insurrectionists. White Union troops were to be taken as prisoners of war, but black …
Flag of Israel with landscape of Israel in the background

Leaving Zion: Jewish Emigration from Palestine and Israel after World War II

… Europe and the Americas, Yehudai provides a fresh transnational perspective on the critical period surrounding the … and the Americas, Dr. Yehudai provides a fresh, transnational perspective on the critical period surrounding the … the boundaries may put themselves in conflict with the national project. And because of national anxieties, …
This Dutch UNPROFOR observation post in Srebrenica took heavy fire from Bosnian Serb troops in 1995.

Srebrenica and its Memory

In July 1995, in the final days of the Bosnian War, over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were killed in the Srebrenica massacre.
… reminder of the dynamics and consequences of extreme nationalism, the long legacies that acts of violence leave … Bosnia’s secession triggered a sharp intensification of nationalist rhetoric among the republic’s political … and rump Yugoslavia. As the conflict spread, divisive nationalist rhetoric and acts of mass violence escalated …
Large group of suffragists on steps

One Hundred Years of Women and the Vote

… Party, were two major organizations that were the earliest national organizations to support women's suffrage. So it … who initially worked with suffrage organizations like the National Association. So that was like Susan B, Anthony and … from the anti-slavery movement, the WCTU ... the Temperance Union. And it heightens the idea that women and women voters …
A red AIDS ribbon outlined in candles

The Global History of HIV

… in part, by Ohio Humanities, a state affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Any views, findings, … in Western allies and was potentially open to the Soviet Union. And also the wealth, the mining wealth in Congolese …
Mata Hari (1876-1917).

Top Ten Origins: Spies, Lies, and Moles: Oh My!

… established the secret service in London in 1573, the first national intelligence organization in England’s history. … a network that aided in the escape of hundreds of Union prisoners and Confederate deserters. The Richmond … President Harry S. Truman only shared the information with Soviet Premier Josef Stalin, part of the wartime alliance, …
Man at march holding sign that reads "Make America NATIVE Again"

Indigenous Peoples' Day: A Conversation

… So Indigenous Peoples Day marks that turn towards internationalism. But then, of course, it gets taken up in the … only provide an Indigenous perspective of, you know, the national holiday of Thanksgiving. But they really felt seen …
Robert Smalls pictured between 1870-1880.

The Remarkable Life of Robert Smalls

… harbor, past Confederate fortifications, and to the Union fleet blockading the city. The architect of this … and courage would go on to make him important to the Union war effort and, afterwards, one of the most … political career by serving as a delegate to the Republican National Convention . At the end of the conflict, thousands …

The Summer of ’10: Federal Power, Local Autonomy, and the Struggle over Immigration Policy

… rights movement, Governor Orval Faubus dispatched Arkansas National Guard troops to prevent black students from … recent nativist statute, after the American Civil Liberties Union, NAACP, Mexican-American Legal Defense Fund and others … about the optimal degree of local autonomy in a system of national immigration rules, date to the very beginnings of …
Cover of The End of the West: The Once and Future Europe by David Marquand

The End of the World as We Know It?

Review of The End of the West: The Once and Future Europe, by David Marquand (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011)
… since 1945: How that idea helped to construct the European Union; what its chief architects wanted the E.U. to be; what … twentieth century - the deliberate construction of a supranational European Community, based on law rather than force, … countries now includes 27 member states. The European Union's population stands at 500 million with a combined GDP …