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Zaporizhians by Józef Brandt, unknown date.

The Cossacks, Ukraine’s Paradigmatic Warriors

… army has proven itself mighty and tenacious to an international community that may have previously thought them … and historical accounts over the centuries.  The Ukrainian national anthem, whose lyrics were written by Pavlo Chybynsky in …

Outdoing Panama: Turkey’s ‘Crazy’ Plan to Build an Istanbul Canal

… pleasure craft, but Russian oil tankers protected by international agreements as they carry crude on the only sea … also moved closer to its goal of membership in the European Union than under any of his more secular predecessors. Yet, … policy instead drew the ire of an increasingly powerful Soviet Union and the Straits became integral to Cold War …

A Pact with the Devil? The United States and the Fate of Modern Haiti

… the burgeoning nation diplomatic participation in the international political scene. The Birth of U.S. Foreign Policy … reduced, France forced Haiti to pay an annual fee for its national sovereignty for nearly 100 hundred years—from 1825 … hope for the end of American slavery, but also prompted the Union government to finally extend diplomatic recognition to …
Washington Receiving a Salute on the Field of Trenton by John Faed, featuring Blueskin.

Does Experience Really Help?

… the true intent of American spying incursions into the Soviet Union after that nation's capture of Francis Gary Powers, … — defying the Supreme Court, uprooting Indians, killing the national bank. But if military experience is no guarantee of …

Frenemies: Iran and America since 1900

… Shah, and established the Pahlavi dynasty. A hard-headed nationalist, Reza Shah tried unsuccessfully to seize control … British forces pulled out of Iran on schedule, but when the Soviets refused to honor the March 1946 deadline, President … from Iranian Prime Minister Ahmed Qavam that the Soviet Union would have access to oil fields in northern Iran. The …
Ali, left, walking through the streets of Kinshasa in 1974.

The Rumble in the Jungle

… image began to turn decisively away from “divisive black nationalist” and toward “broadly popular American … gold medal at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City over Soviet boxer Jonas Cepulis, he celebrated in the ring with a … leader, Patrice Lumumba , was regarded as pro-Soviet by the U.S. and Belgium; he was deposed and executed, …
ELAS Guerrillas, 1943

The Greek Civil War, 1946–1949

… Greek resistance movement that fought the occupation—the National Liberation Front (EAM)—and its guerilla units—the … support in Greece itself, their putative ally, the Soviet Union, had other fish to fry. In an agreement (unknown to …

Colombia: On the Brink of Peace with the FARC?

… 26, 2016, in Cartagena that will then be voted on in a national plebiscite. The FARC is the largest guerrilla group … to the formation of a new political party, the Patriotic Union (UP/ Unión Patriótica ), which became an electoral … at the party and its allies. The flag of the Patriotic Union (UP). Right-wing paramilitary violence against the UP …
migrants walking down a road

Defining Refugees: 1921 and 1951

… these refugees from others seeking to move across international borders, and why is it important to identify … provide a standard definition of refugee status within international law. According to the new Convention, a refugee was … fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or …
The logo for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.

Genocide and Justice in Rwanda

… The logo for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. On September 2, 1998, … conviction for the crime of genocide was entered by an international tribunal. The date is an essential milestone in the … development of criminal responsibility imposed by the international community for the commission of mass atrocities. …

Fear and Loathing Around the World: The Rise of the New Populism

… left ). Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, and members of the national security team in the White House Situation Room … of the Atlantic Charter is now trying to leave the European Union ; the other just spent the last 18 months bullying its … Communists. Orbán delivering an anti-Communist and anti-Soviet speech at the reburial of Imre Nagy in 1989. In June …
The ruins of Ludlow

Which Side Are You On?: The Ludlow Massacre and Class Struggle in 1914

… 1913, Ludlow miners (pictured above in 1914) had struck for union recognition; the company's obedience to Colorado's … 1914, the strike had been completely broken. The Colorado National Guard arrives near the camp of the striking miners. … County, there are no neutrals there. You'll either be a union man, or a thug for J.H. Blair [Harlan County …

The Question of Refugees: Past and Present

… the difficult journey to member states of the European Union in their ongoing search for safety. By extension, it … as internally displaced persons outside the scope of international legal conventions, or have found shelter in … took account not only of Nazi policy but also of Soviet totalitarianism. This is a long and convoluted story, …