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The Illegalization of Marijuana: A Brief History

… recreational use. Across the state, celebratory stoners welcomed the New Year by lining up at licensed retailers to buy … punitive drug laws, announced that he too would pursue accommodation for medical marijuana; and recreational … Not for Drugs In the 1930s, the nation’s top anti-narcotics official took up the anti-marijuana cause. Ironically, Harry …
Voting booth exhibit at the George W. Bush Presidential Library.

God in the Voting Booth: How Religion Shapes the Politics of Both Republicans and Democrats

… Office in February 2025 to “assist faith-based entities, community organizations, and houses of worship in their … in Christian egalitarian principles of concern for the common person. “You shall not press down upon the brow of … evangelical-inspired Democratic Party concern for the “common man” transformed into a more explicit commitment to …
The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848.

Nationalism in Decline

… concerns. Whether subduing Iraq and Afghanistan, combating sex trafficking, restricting nuclear weaponry or … custody case in Chile will be decided by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Formal international … was visiting London for medical attention. Now a foreign official could take action against a leader of another …
Protesters against the an anti-gay marriage amendment on the 2012 election ballot.

The Gay-Marriage Amendment: A Danger to the Constitution

… likely have to endure the result regardless of how much we come to regret it. The nation’s constitutional history is full of instances when the outcome of amendments varied from the original intent of those … powerful party. One of the nation’s two nationally elected officials thus became far less influential in policy …
Cover of Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II by Karel C. Berkhoff

Long Live the Soviet Motherland?

Review of Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II, by Karel C. Berkhoff (Harvard University Press, 2012)
… forces highlighting Jewish suffering would have meant combatting anti-Semitism among their own population. … of the population. Most importantly, Stalin and his closest officials monitored the press themselves, stepping in … which was ironic, given that the Soviet "Motherland" encompassed numerous nationalities, including peoples who …

Yearning to Breathe Free: The American Immigration Story

… they simply never made enough to do so. “Many Chinamen have come; few have returned. Why is this?” representatives of … Asian Americans were first banned from particular worksites, denied housing or services, and then prohibited from … against his case (in addition to the dozens of immigration officials involved in such decisions before it made it to …
Portrait of Francisco Franco in 1964 from Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa

The Death of Franco

… prisoners, the Valley of the Fallen is a mass burial site that was designed to commemorate the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) as a … . For example, during the Second World War, Francoist officials sent 10,000 Spanish prisoners of war in occupied …
Employees operating a testing center at the Walmart Supercenter in Elizabethville, PA, August, 2020.

Licenses to Ill: Health Passes and Surveillance

… A common response to the COVID-19 epidemic worldwide has been … that they were used as instruments of extortion, Italian officials typically had it printed at the top that the form … were not made exempt from further scrutiny. Just the opposite: they actually shouldered additional burdens of …
A portrait of Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

… Memphis, a pall of shock and sadness blanketed the black community. Anguish soon turned to anger. Fearing a riot, the … exploded in the days following Dr. King’s assassination. In communities large and small, stretching from the East Coast … D.C. in June 1968 having failed to persuade federal officials to act. The assassination of Dr. King neither …
The Works Progress Administration employed some Spanish-Americans from New Mexico, as seen here, to work in road gangs.

When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America

Review of When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America , by Ira Katznelson (W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2005), preface, appendix, index, 238 pp.
… economic relief during the New Deal. Although many federal officials understood that black sharecroppers were the … When Affirmative Action Was White concludes with the recommendation that contemporary American policymakers deal … action. Relying heavily on Johnson's 1965 Howard University Commencement Address, the author posits that the 37th …
Perry speaking at the 2015 Conservative Political Action Conference in National Harbor, Maryland.

Governor Perry’s Vice-Presidential Mistake

… up from the nation's second job.     But Garner's pithy comment no longer describes the vice presidency.     The … overcame misgivings of close Ronald Reagan associates to become a valued presidential adviser and effective diplomat. … of Perry's public service that gets little mention in his official biography.   The current vice president, Joe Biden, …
Six founders of the Algerian FLN: Rabah Bitat, Mostefa Ben Boulaïd, Didouche Mourad, Mohammed Boudiaf, Krim Belkacem and Larbi Ben M'Hidi, 1954

The Evian Accords: An Uncertain Peace

… That paper, simply entitled “Declarations Drawn up in Common Agreement,” was signed in a town on the French side … anticolonial war for Algerian independence that has since become immortalized in popular imagination by such cinematic … M’Hamed Yazid, and Seghir Mostefaï. British diplomatic officials were impressed that de Gaulle managed to extract …
The Eve of Destruction: How 1965 Transformed America, by James T. Patterson Book Cover.

Capturing a Moment

Review of The Eve of Destruction: How 1965 Transformed America, by James T. Patterson (New York: Basic Books, 2012)
… my professor is onto something. Patterson shares with other commentators the feeling that 1965 was a “pivot” or a … the fact no one knew how much it would cost; and struck a compromise on the issue of federal funding to parochial … first case, the violent confrontation between white Selma officials and nonviolent civil rights protestors attempting …
A U.S. military vehicle crossing the Iraq border in March 2003.

U.S. Credibility at Stake in Iraq

… that Iraq was a significant threat to the international community. Why is that? Because, the United States — from … The problem was the second attack never occurred. Naval commanders couldn’t even confirm whether their ships had … for wanting to bite off more than we can chew. American officials have a history of overstating the need for, as …
Queen Elizabeth I in Parliament

The Pandora’s Box of Religious Pluralism in the English Reformation

Review of Heretics and Believers: A Short History of the English Reformation, by Peter Marshall New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017
… and religious images get out of hand: ‘he must be for all companies, and all men’s money.’” To the lay and scholastics alike, the first thoughts that come to mind when discussing the Reformation is almost never … work in the year 1590, Marshall argues that as no one ever officially stated when The Reformation ended, but that many …
Heads of delegations at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21), which led to the signing of the Paris Agreement.

Looking for a Common Language at Copenhagen

… of solving a problem facing the entire world, the summit’s composition best resembles a hodgepodge of national-or what … summits can’t bring results if those present don’t share a common language or a common tradition, no matter how … called summits and even had “sherpas,” specially designated officials in each government who, like their Himalayan …