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Undated photo of the Reichstag building in Berlin, Germany.

Democracy-Building Will Be Tougher This Time

… had literate, talented, industrially and technologically competent populations, a huge help in building a modern … by the Cold War, and for seven years in Japan. American officials today talk of a one- or possibly two-year commitment in Iraq. After World War II the vanquished …
San Francisco earthquake 1906

San Francisco 1906 and Katrina 2005: The Increasing Costs of Unpreparedness

… that followed the earthquake wiping out its business and commercial districts. Still the scope of the two disasters … army and navy units quickly offered their services to city officials to organize both relief and recovery efforts.   … sometime in the next fifty years California will be revisited by an event similar to the 1906 quake or the flooding …
In the 2020 presidential election (held using 2010 census data) Joe Biden received 306 (●) and Donald Trump 232 (●) of the total 538 electoral votes. In Maine (upper-right) and Nebraska (center), the small circled numbers indicate congressional districts. These are the only two states to use a district method for some of their allocated electors, instead of a complete winner-takes-all.

Arguing the Electoral College: Pro

… passed Congress but failed to be ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the states. Why is that? The American … whose members can deliberately and calmly assess the outcome of an election and judge its impact upon the public …
Cover of Zoot Suit The Enigmatic Career of an Extreme Style by Kathy Peiss.

A Suit, or a Statement?

Review of Zoot Suit: The Enigmatic Career of an Extreme Style, by Kathy Peiss (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011)
… of the suit—journalists, ministers, reformers, public officials, and academics who made fashion the subject of … songwriters and animators utilized the suit to make commentary on American life during a time of war. Chapter … and Harlem. Understanding how a style which had once communicated a variety of meanings became tied to racial …
In 2011, thousands of ultra-nationalist demonstrators took to the streets of Moscow, armed with tsarist insignia and shouting the anti-immigrant chant "Let's give Russia back to the Russians!"

Russia’s Lost Empire

Review of Lost Kingdom: The Quest for Empire and the Making of the Russian Nation, From 1470 to the Present, by Serhii Plokhy (New York: Basic Books, 2017)
2006 map of North Korea and South Korea.

Applying the Antarctic Solution to the Korean Nuclear Impasse

… prohibits all military activity? The unlikely source of common ground lies in the Antarctic Treaty of 1959. This … prize for the United States — and a preview of things to come. By the 1990s, aerial inspection would become a … cooperation by allowing North and South Korean military officials to work together on these missions. The Korean …
The military cemetery for U.S. personnel killed during World War II in Nettuno, Italy.

A Day for Remembering — and Accepting Responsibility

… ago, on May 30, 1945, by Lt. Gen. Lucian K. Truscott, Jr., commander of the Allied Fifth Army in Italy. Truscott was … some 3,000 American lives, most of them under Truscott’s command. The dead were eventually buried in Nettuno’s sandy … high command. For that reason, he mostly stayed away from official ceremonies and dedications. To him, every day was …
Flag of United States Semiquincentennial

Happy 250th Birthday America!

… cleared the turnstiles astonished them. The Centennial’s official name hinted at what was on offer: “The … states, by thirty other countries, and by private companies. Some visitors recorded that they left simply … excuse for the whole thing. While it is true that one soap company displayed a full-sized replica of the Liberty Bell …

Interracial Marriage in "Post-Racial" America

… fight racial prejudice through a celebration of multiracial community. The event takes its name from the 1967 Supreme … as man and wife, against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth,” they were offered one year imprisonment or a … Unlike after the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage, no officials who refused to issue marriage licenses to …
Unification council of Orthodox Church in Ukraine, 2018.

The Religious Roots of the War in Ukraine

… Kyiv, were absorbed by Poland and Lithuania by the 1360s. Meanwhile the principality of Moscow gradually … expanded west in the late 18 th century, a major element of official rhetoric and practice was the reconstitution of … in the Ukrainian Republic . By 1992, there were three competing Orthodox churches in Ukraine: the UOC-MP, a new …

Trade Wars: The Collapse of America's Free Trade Consensus

… Trump held up Carrier, an air conditioning and heating company, as a symbol of the plight of American … by free trade deals that hurt American workers. The company had planned to close an Indiana plant that makes … trade in the 1930s, much of the world headed the opposite direction. Great Britain sought to protect homegrown …
Mugshot of Aili Jürgenson taken at the time of her arrest,1946.

How Two Schoolgirls’ Bomb Ignited Decades of Debate Over Estonian Public Space

… the new Estonian government erected nearly 200 monuments to commemorate Estonia’s newfound freedom from the tsarist … statue of a soldier.  Placed in 1947, the Bronze Soldier officially marked the graves of 14 Red Army soldiers and took on increasing significance in local life as the site of public celebrations. As in many parts of the Soviet …

The Illegalization of Marijuana: A Brief History

… recreational use. Across the state, celebratory stoners welcomed the New Year by lining up at licensed retailers to buy … punitive drug laws, announced that he too would pursue accommodation for medical marijuana; and recreational … Not for Drugs In the 1930s, the nation’s top anti-narcotics official took up the anti-marijuana cause. Ironically, Harry …

The Question of Refugees: Past and Present

… face an uncertain future in the sprawling Dadaab camp complex in Kenya barely register on the radar of the global … die along the way or soon after arrival. This mass gravesite for 70 children lies just outside the camp ( top ). The … asked for a sympathetic hearing from Israeli government officials, on the grounds that “not so long ago [you] were …
Voting booth exhibit at the George W. Bush Presidential Library.

God in the Voting Booth: How Religion Shapes the Politics of Both Republicans and Democrats

… Office in February 2025 to “assist faith-based entities, community organizations, and houses of worship in their … in Christian egalitarian principles of concern for the common person. “You shall not press down upon the brow of … evangelical-inspired Democratic Party concern for the “common man” transformed into a more explicit commitment to …
The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848.

Nationalism in Decline

… concerns. Whether subduing Iraq and Afghanistan, combating sex trafficking, restricting nuclear weaponry or … custody case in Chile will be decided by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Formal international … was visiting London for medical attention. Now a foreign official could take action against a leader of another …
Protesters against the an anti-gay marriage amendment on the 2012 election ballot.

The Gay-Marriage Amendment: A Danger to the Constitution

… likely have to endure the result regardless of how much we come to regret it. The nation’s constitutional history is full of instances when the outcome of amendments varied from the original intent of those … powerful party. One of the nation’s two nationally elected officials thus became far less influential in policy …
Cover of Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II by Karel C. Berkhoff

Long Live the Soviet Motherland?

Review of Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II, by Karel C. Berkhoff (Harvard University Press, 2012)
… forces highlighting Jewish suffering would have meant combatting anti-Semitism among their own population. … of the population. Most importantly, Stalin and his closest officials monitored the press themselves, stepping in … which was ironic, given that the Soviet "Motherland" encompassed numerous nationalities, including peoples who …

Yearning to Breathe Free: The American Immigration Story

… they simply never made enough to do so. “Many Chinamen have come; few have returned. Why is this?” representatives of … Asian Americans were first banned from particular worksites, denied housing or services, and then prohibited from … against his case (in addition to the dozens of immigration officials involved in such decisions before it made it to …
Portrait of Francisco Franco in 1964 from Biblioteca Virtual de Defensa

The Death of Franco

… prisoners, the Valley of the Fallen is a mass burial site that was designed to commemorate the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) as a … . For example, during the Second World War, Francoist officials sent 10,000 Spanish prisoners of war in occupied …
Employees operating a testing center at the Walmart Supercenter in Elizabethville, PA, August, 2020.

Licenses to Ill: Health Passes and Surveillance

… A common response to the COVID-19 epidemic worldwide has been … that they were used as instruments of extortion, Italian officials typically had it printed at the top that the form … were not made exempt from further scrutiny. Just the opposite: they actually shouldered additional burdens of …
Sergeant First Class Major Cleveland points out North Korean position to his machine gun crew, 1950.

Executive Order 9981 and the Integration of the American Military

… and lesser men. While African American soldiers and communities protested these conditions, the small size of … patriotism, however, did not discourage their desire to combat racism and fascism at home. Black activists were able … an imperfect reflection of American society and viewed as a site of inclusion and opportunity for Black people and other …