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Conflict Termination: How to End -- and Not to End -- Insurgencies

… have some intellectual re-tooling to do. I offer my own working definition by way of a starting point. war , n , – … on the spot, particularly Ambassador to Saigon Graham Martin, responded in an inchoate manner. Unwilling to accept … societies often take a very long time to heal. … John Guilmartin … Features … Military/War/Peace … Afghanistan … …
Sign that reads, "You are either affected or infected with HIV/AIDS."

HIV/AIDS: Past, Present and Future

… and The Soccer World Goes to South Africa: Sport and the Making of Modern Africa. ( Image Source ) … Eric Michael … of the virus that ends up causing aids scientists looking at the viral clock of HIV have found samples in human … think that it first appeared?   Dr. Thomas McDow   Well, working from the work of Beatrice Han and her team to work with …
the monument of the Soviet army in Sofia, completed in 1954

11/4/2014: Empty Fountains: Communist-Era Monuments Revisited

… of popular fascination and discussion. What is most striking in the post-socialist reincarnation of these imposing … spray-painted “Occupiers!” on the structure. Even more striking is the neglect of the 1300 Years Bulgaria monument in … the ground to declare, “This is where Bulgaria will be!”; King Boris I the Baptist who christened the pagan …

Alawites and the Fate of Syria

… ghulāt (Shi’ite extremist) sects, permitting wine drinking, not requiring women to be veiled, holding ceremonies … I. After defeating and evicting the British-backed Syrian King Faysal in 1920, France, in a divide-and-rule strategy, …
Reinforcing Omaha Beach with men and equipment

Remembering D-Day: 10 Important Facts to Know

… particularly in regards to D-Day. The Americans, despite lacking capability to do so, argued for an invasion in 1943. … visitors. Heads of state from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and Germany have attended in order …
Plate of enchiladas at a Mexican restaurant.

Mexican Food in the United States

… their own space and identity through food. Borderlands Cooking: Tortillas, Chiles, and Chile Powder  The food … peoples pioneered the “nixtamalization” process of soaking corn kernels in an alkaline solution to make a workable … , which included a San Antonio chili tent. The meatpacking industry, which largely at this time operated out of …
The Nuremburg Map of 1524 is the earliest known European visualization of Tenochtitlan

The Fall of Tenochtitlan

… the city’s grandeur defied language. He wrote that upon looking down into the Valley of Mexico, “some of our soldiers … 1609), John Carter Brown Library. Diego Javier Luis, “Rethinking the Battle of Otumba: Entangled Narrations and the Digitization of Colonial Violence,” Rethinking History 23:3 (2019). Eulalia Guzmán, Relaciones de …

The Summer of ’10: Federal Power, Local Autonomy, and the Struggle over Immigration Policy

… press for school desegregation, which the NAACP was also seeking in a case that it had brought before the U.S. District … dominated by the federal government, immigration policymaking and enforcement have witnessed an increasingly vigorous … to by some as the "corporate death penalty" for revoking business licenses of repeated offenders—should be known …

Fear and Loathing Around the World: The Rise of the New Populism

… many international agreements ( left ). President Obama speaking to the people of Berlin in front of the Brandenburg … ( left ). The former Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno speaking with supporters after Duterte ousted her from office in … campaign, billboards read “The Hungarian reforms are working!” In addition, the new election system created a pool …

Another Silent Spring

… plant and animal species began returning to our cities, making a rather unfamiliar noise with their singing and honking. That clamor of geese, woodpeckers, and swans came from … The biologist and writer Rachel Carson opened her world-shaking 1962 book Silent Spring with “a fable for tomorrow”—a …
Three Afghan police trainees, sitting on ground with guns

Afghanistan: Past and Prospects

… can be taken back to antiquity, really, in terms of looking at it as a modern nation-state. I think it's most … the surrounding agricultural zones, pastoral zones so looking at like Herat in the northwest, Balkh and Mazar e … up to the north. It was a frontier zone. And I think, looking at the ways that Afghans themselves interacted with …

Syria's Islamic Movement and the 2011-12 Uprising

… in the Ba'th Party and armed forces, particularly high-ranking 'Alawis. But through the 1970s, violence broadened to … the Ba'thi order with a liberal democratic system. In taking this step, the Brotherhood openly allied itself with … moves. Cadres opposed to negotiating with the regime and working with Khaddam resorted to armed struggle in an attempt …
The remains of the crash of TWA Flight 5 in 1931 [Photo from the Kansas Historical Society]

Top Ten Origins: Aviation Disasters that Improved Safety

… there seemed to be issues with the radio navigation aid, making it impossible to find the field with instruments alone. … Report” called for a number of measures aimed at making aviation safer in the air and on the ground. The … in 1956. The tragedy came at a time when Americans were taking to the air in ever greater numbers. And they were …

Interracial Marriage in "Post-Racial" America

… known interracial marriages between abolitionists—William King and Marry Allen (1853)—resulted in their fleeing the … masse to ferret out “passers.” A certificate from 1924 mockingly “guaranteeing” a person’s racial “purity." … a Polish American from marrying. Sheet music from 1897 mocking African Americans and Chinese Americans ( left ). “The …
An MP looking north from South Korea in the Demilitarized Zone, 2008.

The War That Never Ended: The Legacy of the Korean War

… North Korean diplomats in Africa became infamous for trafficking ivory and arms. The North Korean government, committed … their authoritarianism and the surveillance state by invoking the North Korean threat. North Korean guerillas …
L to R - Indigenous, African American, and Jewish Peoples

Ideas of Race and Racism in History

… open things up for discussion. If you're interested in asking a question, please write it in the Q&A function just at … with the focus on the 20th century. She's currently working on a transnational history of French anti-racism … were wrong. In so doing, these experts gave the backing, the prestige, the authority of science, to the most …

The Fate of the Kurds

… the eastern borderlands against the Armenian “threat.” Taking full advantage of their commissions, these Kurdish … the territorial integrity of what remained of the shrinking empire, but embraced different tactics. The governor of … approach to suppress communities he believed to be working with Europeans to threaten Ottoman territorial …

Russia, America, and the Conspiratorial Worldview

… Russian history is replete with stories of enemies seeking to undermine the state: conspiracy theories, as many … hands of the West stretched to all corners of the earth, working behind the scenes to prevent Soviet achievements. As we … they confirmed that the CIA had played a role in Lumumba’s assassination. The Office of the Historian has stated …

Baptized in the Jordan: Restoring a Holy River

… Friends of the Earth Middle East (FoEME) is nonetheless working to revive the Jordan River, restoring the basin as a … “which she received with joy and gratitude, drinking it and spreading it over her body to wash away the sins … by 19 th -century Russian travelers described pilgrims taking bottles of holy water and burial shrouds dipped in the …
Royal Irish Rifles in foxhole at Battle of the Somme, 1916

Legacies of the Great War

… of mass mobilization, the use of the media, arms control, taking a small country and making a regional conflict into a global one that these are … the war are told over and over again. We all know about the assassination of Franz Ferdinand on the streets of Sarajevo. …

A Sea of Troubles: The Philippines and Pacific Geopolitics

… to the west of the Philippines. While not explicitly backing Manila, Obama stressed his commitment to preserving … Pacific coincided roughly with that of Japan, perhaps making a fight over the Philippines inevitable. To  … rights. Nonetheless, Washington remained steadfast in backing the Marcos regime. Playing to nationalist sentiment, …

Beyond 'Tribes': Violence and Politics in Kenya

… the Kenyan Parliament in early March, the army was cracking down on groups in the western Mount Elgon region who … the cost of a proper repair. Colonialism and the Making of "Tribes" The severe economic and social problems … the political scene and the source of some of the murders/assassinations. But hired thugs have been perpetually on the …