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Human Rights at a Crossroads

… to question the authority of international governing bodies. His campaign slogan, “Make America Great Again,” is a … League would be an international governing body that would supersede individual national ambition—therefore preventing … U.S. soldiers just as they were returning from overseas combat ( left ). The opening session of the League of …
WE.177A was an air-launched boosted fission weapon deployed by the UK

The Two Sides of the Nuclear Coin

… The Republican-dominated U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, a landmark measure negotiated … disarmament and other pledges made in the NPT. Ignoring the commitments made by his Democratic and Republican … “usable” nuclear weapons. Given this repudiation of NPT commitments, it’s not surprising that North Korea has pulled …
From the 2011 UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, South Africa.

Top Ten Origins: Climate Change

… gasses drove rapid changes in global climate. Faster computers and better climate models have improved forecasts … temperature trend has been confirmed by many subsequent studies. The Earth is already warming. The ten hottest years … devastated the country and displaced millions. Several studies have pointed to both a regional drought and a global …
The South Korean flag in Seoul, South Korea.

The Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun and the Patterns of South Korean Politics

… different parties have gained the 20 seats necessary to become a “negotiation group”—a parliamentary caucus that holds … towards the president or the party leader, are the most common cause of this cycle of division and integration.  … its illegality, nor its decriminalization, rose to become animating factors for any party.  Lately, issues of …
Views of the White Tower in Thessaloniki, Greece.

A Postcard from Thessaloniki, Greece

… crenellation of the rooftop and its turret exemplify a medieval military fortification. Its image illustrates postcards, coffee mugs and magnets commemorating this relaxed, yet urbane port on the Aegean … ferry west down the Bosphorus Straits, the Rumelian Castle Complex seems for all the world like the White Tower’s lost …
A portrait of Slobodan Milosevic

Glory and the New World Order

… of years the kings of Europe sought glory through a combination of military victories like Lepanto, the great … beyond that of ordinary men, not just gangsters with soldiers and money. And so just like those European kings they … involvement in brutal local wars in which some U.S. soldiers, sailors and airmen, and many enemy civilians, would …
Pledge of Allegiance plaque

When Congress Tampers with the Court’s Independence

… the American people that the federal courts would not become oppressive, the framers of the Constitution argued that … Supreme Court consideration. John Marshall, who would become chief justice and do more than anyone to make the … of the authority to hear the case. The Pledge controversy comes at a time in the nation's history when fear of …
A promotional still from the 1951 Broadway production of The King and I

Top Ten Origins: Historical Musicals

… Musicals are the quintessential American dramatic art form, combining spoken dialogue with music, song, and dance. For … together a succession of musical numbers to entertain the audience. Narrative took a backseat to spectacle. Although … to Africa and adding in a dancing cow for good measure. Audiences didn’t seem to mind the tonal departure – Evangeline …
Anti-draft protest outside the Department of Justice in 1967.

The Draft — for Democracy

… afford to do so continued their education, while their compatriots with lesser means often found themselves … service rates by African Americans, from the Buffalo Soldiers of the nineteenth century through World War II, … close to the breaking point. There now may not be enough soldiers to fulfill all the assigned missions. If the Bush …
The culminating moment of Alice, when the pretense of power is exposed and collapses. Carroll was very concerned throughout his life with giving a wide audience of people, not just his Christ Church students, the tools of logical thinking so that they would not be the victims of demagogues and ideologies.

Everyone’s Inner Child Turns 150 Years Old

… our own purposes as well. Zombie Alice at 2014 New York ComicCon. Cosplaying is one way people have taken ownership … what the painful and even fatal consequences were of disobedience. Carroll, however, was on the side of the child, an … was very concerned throughout his life with giving a wide audience of people, not just his Christ Church students, the …
Lt. Cmdr. Raben Talvo (left), and Hospital Corpsman 1st Class Angela Ramirez (right) administer the San Diego Naval Medical Center's first monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment to a COVID-19-positive patient, January 26, 2021.

The Rhyme of History: What the Black Death tells us about COVID-19’s Aftermath

… to Mark Twain, “it often rhymes.” Indeed, few historical comparisons make more compelling verse than the COVID-19 … allows us to speculate about the aftermath of COVID-19 . Medieval Eurasian Trade Routes, with the red lines indicating … innumerable merchant businesses failed. Several Italian super-companies that were prominent moneylenders to the …
An AIDS testing site in Moscow, 1987.

The Blame Game: The USSR’s Response to HIV/AIDS

… for the virus and denied the possibility of extensive community spread among the Soviet population—offers a … Moscow, 1987. The number of infected was initially low in comparison to the USA, where the virus was spreading more … Soviet Union. The Ministry of Health, the USSR’s all-encompassing health and wellness institution, also stated that …
“Aux amateurs de physique.” Likewise portraying the Tuileries flight, this cartoon mocks the unwashed masses who wished to see the spectacle without a ticket, but the scaling of the garden walls also illustrates how the balloon as a “people-machine” ignited the determination of the poorer, disempowered social strata to overcome restraints imposed on them by the authoritarian regime.

Public Perceptions: Ballooning and Political Culture

Review of The Imagined Empire: Balloon Enlightenments in Revolutionary Europe, by Mi Gyung Kim (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016)
… below portrays the craft as a “king-machine” that embodies the monarchy’s obligation to watch over its subjects … of the poorer, disempowered social strata to overcome restraints imposed on them by the authoritarian regime. …
Pullman Strike illustration

Top Ten Origins: American Workers and Strikes

… Socialist Congress meeting in Paris in July 1899. The comrades set the date in solidarity with organized workers … thousands of other laborers took part. More than 100 people died in the various clashes between workers and the forces … who demanded that employers recognize the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) as well as higher wages …

American Presidential Scandals

… A tweet from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library after comparisons were made between Nixon and President Trump when the latter fired the Director of the FBI, James Comey. The High Bar The ubiquitous, unfathomable ur-scandal … Internet (or as Clinton liked to call it, “the Information Superhighway ”). CNN broke the news by filming its lead …
migrants walking down a road

Defining Refugees: 1921 and 1951

… work begun some 30 years earlier by the office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (HCR) of the League of Nations . Created on June 27, 1921, the position of High Commissioner was subsequently offered to the Norwegian … to the Status of Refugees did non-European refugees come to be defined in the same way. In both cases, the …

The Roots of Venezuela's Failing State

… in the last year on what people are calling “ the Maduro Diet ,” a scathing reference to current president Nicolás … in 2016. Diphtheria, once thought eradicated, has made a comeback . By some estimates, 2.5 million people have left … of four terms in office. Armed with majority (and at times supermajority) support in the National Assembly, Chávez was …

Population Bomb? The Debate over Indian Population

… unrest that followed. To explain this food crisis to an audience in St. Louis in May 2008, then-President George W. … the early nineteenth century, when the British East India Company controlled an increasing swath of territory across … that large and expanding populations demonstrated the superiority of British governance. In the words of one …
Downstream view of Marco Polo Bridge by Thomas Child, 1877. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937)

… post-1868 empire, including Korea and Taiwan . The Chinese Communist Party would be reborn and re-legitimized through … year, the ROC capital of Nanjing fell in what one military commentator called “the worst holocaust of brutality since … to British Malaya, Singapore , and Burma; the Dutch East Indies; and Australia-administered New Guinea. They even …
Refugee tents in Piraeus port.

A Postcard from a Piraeus Refugee Camp

… one day after the author's arrival. ( United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees ) We came to Greece with only a … plastic cups. After the first day, we would stop by the supermarket on our way to Piraeus and stuff our bags full of … measures imposed on Greece by Europe's central monetary bodies . A pro-refugee banner from Piraeus. (Photo by author) …
A woman voting in the early 20th century.

Could We Postpone the Election — Even If We Wanted To?

… During the last four weeks, the Election Assistance Commission, the Justice Department and the Department of … to demonstrate that state or local officials no longer were competent to oversee elections. Yet four years later, little … should begin preparing for the 2006 elections. A bipartisan commission to handle the task would remove concerns that an …
President Gerald Ford in 1975.

The Forgotten Virtues of Gerald Ford

… he appeared before a joint session of Congress and pledged “communication, conciliation, compromise, and cooperation” with legislators, adding, “I do … we can appreciate Ford’s refusal to let the presidency become an instrument of partisan knife-sharpening. He welcomed …