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A contractor for the U.S. Army kicking in a door during Operation IRAQI FREEDOM.

From King George the Third to the Third President George: Mercenaries are Still a Bad Idea

… Time, transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the Works of Death, Desolation, and Tyranny already … States military forces. But in fact this has yet to be done. Thus the security guards remain armed to the teeth but … been hired by Department of State to be bodyguards for U.S. officials in Iraq, including the U.S. Ambassador. Thus we …
Cover of Patrick Henry: First Among Patriots by Thomas S. Kidd

Patriot or Pragmatist?

Review of Patrick Henry: First Among Patriots, by Thomas S. Kidd (New York: Basic Books, 2011)
Black Panther

Searching for Wakanda: The African Roots of the Black Panther Story

… was elaborated in the next issue (#53, August 1966). Marvel Comics’ dynamic duo Stan Lee and Jack Kirby created the … Wakanda. It was not just a “greedy ivory hunter,” but someone much more dangerous. The evil Ulysses Klaw sought out … helped defeat forces that remained loyal to Lumumba. Official portrait of Patrice Lumumba as the Democratic …
War News from Mexico (1848).

“Hostilities” and War Powers: Let’s Choose the Constitution

… Nadler of New York warned that "if we don't want to become an empire instead of a republic," Congress must … Congressional authorization under the War Powers Act, let alone under the Constitution.  Congressman Nadler disagrees. … only to declare the fact, which it did in May 1846.   One of Polk's non-Democrat critics was a young Whig …
The 3rd Tipperary Brigade of the Old IRA, pictured during the early 1920s.

100 Years of Irish Independence and Division

… 26 of 32 Irish counties received considerable, albeit not complete, independence. The following day, however, six … only just been suppressed when King James I ascended the throne in 1603.  James then encouraged the large-scale … a degree of autonomy and state-building. On May 3, the act officially went into force, providing the legal framework …
Anne Boleyn in the Tower of London, Portrait of Anne Boleyn, and Anne Boleyn with her Daughter.

The Execution of Anne Boleyn

… guilty of treason against her own husband. Henry VIII had come to the throne in 1509 not as the larger-than-life figure of historical … Spanish royal houses. Since the Tudors had come to the throne only a few decades earlier, after a long period of civil … Milestones …
marriage of Marguerite of Anjou and Henry VI in 1445

Power Behind the Throne: The Women of the War of the Roses

Review of Blood Sisters: The Women Behind the Wars of the Roses, by Sarah Gristwood (New York: Basic Books, 2013)
… The success of the HBO show Game of Thrones, based on George R. R. Martin’s series of novels by the … based the political tangle at the heart of Game of Thrones on the bloody struggle in the mid-fifteenth century … behind-the-scenes may have been as important to the outcome of events as the men’s on the battlefield. In Blood …

The Ukrainian Crisis: In Russia's Long Shadow

… of Ukraine: Russia cannot be an empire without Ukraine and coming to terms with Ukraine’s separate nationhood is a … Kyiv (Kiev in Russian). Moscow, by contrast, is first mentioned in the historical Hypatian Chronicle only in 1147 as a … Ukrainians, or “Little Russians” as they were called on the official level, came to resemble that of the Scots in the …
Photo of William Colby

Casting the Long Shadow of the CIA

Review of Shadow Warrior: William Egan Colby and the CIA, by Randall B. Woods (New York: Basic Books, 2013)
… William Colby has become a more or less forgotten figure in the turbulent … motion. In the aftermath, a full-blown war was not a foregone conclusion, but that was the way it worked out in 1964. … Colby was appointed. Colby’s tenure as Director was one of crisis management. Many of the Watergate plumbers …
General Edmund Allenby entering Jerusalem on December 11, 1917. Allenby dismounted as a sign of respect for the holy city.

The Collapse of Ottoman Power

Review of The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, by Eugene Rogan (New York: Basic Books, 2015)
… of two Russian ships by a German taskforce under the command of a German admiral improbably marked the entry of … The Gallipoli campaign, as it became known, was one of the largest amphibious operations ever attempted. … beach of ANZAC Cove, one of the principle Entente landing sites on the Gallipoli peninsula Rather than quickly driving …
Protesters against the an anti-gay marriage amendment on the 2012 election ballot.

The Gay-Marriage Amendment: A Danger to the Constitution

… likely have to endure the result regardless of how much we come to regret it. The nation’s constitutional history is … unintended consequences. Though outvoted by temperance proponents, a significant minority of Americans saw nothing … powerful party. One of the nation’s two nationally elected officials thus became far less influential in policy …
India and Pakistan highlighted on a map.

“Open Skies” for India and Pakistan?

… Open Skies missions would provide that Indian and Pakistani officials work together on observation flights. This type of … bin Laden himself, are in that area. For the international community to finish off al-Qaida, uninterrupted cooperation … weapons in 1998 and possess effective missile capability. One nuclear strike could kill millions and bring about a …
Cover of 428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire by Giusto Traina.

The End of the World as They Knew It

Review of 428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire, by Giusto Traina (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. pp. xix, 203. Trans. by Allan Cameron)
Israeli Prime Minister, Levi Eshkol

Six Days That Shook The World

Review of The Six Day War: The Breaking of the Middle East, by Guy Laron (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017)
… administrations that deemed the application of force a welcome distraction from domestic problems. At the same time, … Baath Party, and Jordan’s King Hussein rarely spoke with one voice. In fact, Syria had previously grown tired of … offensive mindset—“Rabin’s Schlieffenplan,” (145) as Laron coins it in pointed allusion. Rabin's "Schlieffenplan:" an …
A U.S. military vehicle crossing the Iraq border in March 2003.

U.S. Credibility at Stake in Iraq

… that Iraq was a significant threat to the international community. Why is that? Because, the United States — from … of American firepower again dominate the nightly news, and one is left to wonder what threat the disintegrated Iraqi … for wanting to bite off more than we can chew. American officials have a history of overstating the need for, as …
The military cemetery for U.S. personnel killed during World War II in Nettuno, Italy.

A Day for Remembering — and Accepting Responsibility

… to those soldiers can’t undo the damage that’s been done. Saying “I’m sorry” is a small price to pay for so many … ago, on May 30, 1945, by Lt. Gen. Lucian K. Truscott, Jr., commander of the Allied Fifth Army in Italy. Truscott was … high command. For that reason, he mostly stayed away from official ceremonies and dedications. To him, every day was …
The flag of Ethiopia under the rule of the Derg, 1975-1987

Blind Aid: Lessons (Not Learned) from the Ethiopian Famine

… about what’s going on. . . . [All] I know is if nothing is done, there will be thousands, hundreds [of] thousands of people who will die.” Vasset’s comments encapsulated the international response to the … many humanitarian aid efforts continue to have the opposite of their intended effect. International Response At the …

Feminism in Egypt: New Alliances, Old Debates

… seats in parliament. Morsi was the winner of Egypt’s first competitive presidential election, but his government was … (Photo by journalist Sarah Carr) On February 24, 2011, one such alliance came together to protect and support … were closely associated with the Mubarak regime with new ones as a moderate response to those criticisms. Roots of …