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An 1889 lithograph of the Historic Capitol of Tallahassee, Florida

For History’s Sake, Preserve Florida’s Presidential Ballots

… to remain an unsettled and unsettling question. In years to come, hundreds of articles and books will flow from the pens … of that state's election such as instructions and e-mail communications between the Florida secretary of state's … weighed if these significant records are to be preserved:  Since the ballots presently are the property of local …
November 2004. Cleveland voting station for 2004 Presidential election.

The Unpredictability of an Unhappy Electorate

… seats in the House. The 1986 election marked the first time since World War II that the Senate had changed hands after a … hand, would be wise not to take the recent election outcome as a clear mandate that Americans support an aggressive … of history at the University of Texas of the Permian Basin and a writer for the History News Service. He is the …
Monica Lewinsky's official government ID photo from 1997.

Another Watergate?

… with the assumption that the Nixon scandal was about a single event, a “third-rate burglary” and the subsequent … at the Democratic national headquarters at the Watergate complex in 1972. An abbreviated list of what came to be … of course, crimes, but if Clinton were ever shown to have committed these offenses, these would be his only crimes. In …
Celebrations for Jamaican Independence, 2012.

Jamaican Independence

… of Black sovereignty and nationalism that led to the disintegration of the British empire in the Caribbean. Jamaica … Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League in Kingston in 1914. Though Garvey was … on the location of its capital, political leadership, and competing views on individual nationalism. The Federation …
Last Supper By Simon Ushakov, 1685

Reverence and Relics: The Holy Dead in the Pre-Modern Christian World

Review of Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation, by Robert Bartlett (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013)
… were an obvious denominational marker. “Part Two: Dynamics” comprises the bulk of the book. In chapters five through … of some pilgrims were not strictly spiritual, and he compares the practice with modern tourism. In chapter … of naming practices, noting that the saints were increasingly used in the names of churches, towns, and individuals …
Women at desk marked "Learn to Vote"

So...what now? (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 4)

… the polls were moved to schools and churches and community centers. There was some change in how candidates … associated with women and the home. Churches, schools, community centers, and this continues through to this day. … was unclear. Establishing a coalition of women focused on a single issue during the interwar period was difficult. …

Playing Politics: Olympic Controversies Past and Present

… other hand, speak piously of keeping politics out of sports competition. I am frequently asked, "Must politics be a part … feeling." The former president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), Juan Samaranch, declared on American TV: … of apartheid South Africa, some walking out of Olympic housing after the Games had already begun. North Korea has been …
Young Child dressed in a Uncle Sam costume

Coming to America to Contribute

Review of Ellis Island Nation: Immigration Policy and American Identity in the Twentieth Century, by Robert L. Fleegler Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
… United States is characterized by three great waves of newcomers. The first wave came primarily from Ireland, Germany, … century. The second wave arrived between 1882 and 1924, coming largely from eastern and southern Europe. This was … though many individuals and groups became increasingly wary of the tides of new migrants arriving from …
Electoral college results from the 2008 presidential election.

Break Up the States?

… differences? Opponents of Electoral College reform commonly respond that the federal government should not … geographic and population apportionment safeguards smaller communities’ important interests. It’s an argument as old as … tiny James City County in Tidewater Virginia, proposing a compromise between the 1776 system and Jefferson’s …
2009 Tour de France winner, Alberto Contador, wearing the yellow jersey on June 26, 2009.

The Tour de France and the Yellow Jersey

… cyclists might wear the yellow jersey during the three-week competition, only one will ultimately win it. Cover of the … leadingsports paper’s support of Dreyfus as well as the rising price of advertising space, pulled their ads and … this hue. Ultimately, the Tour was born out of blistering competition and vigorous debate over who could be considered …
Cover of Famine: A Short History by Cormac Ó Gráda.

Famine: A Short History

Review of Famine: A Short History, by Cormac O Grada (Princeton University Press, 2009)
… visions of Malthus, Ehrlich, and other doomsayers have not come to pass.  Drawing on a rich variety of government … number of deaths due to any particular famine because of incomplete records and because death tolls are often … though this has often been driven by fear of uprising from below or fear of infectious diseases.  Governments …
Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade, by Donald Critchlow Book Cover.

Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade

Review of Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade, by Donald Critchlow (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005)
… movements; and the third being "crib-sheet books, the compilations, quote books, 'dictionaries' and … and intelligent; she has received credit for almost single-handedly halting the Equal Rights Amendment's … by arguing that grassroots activism, centered on anticommunism, played a central role in the rise of the American …
Minaret Islam Khoja in Khiva

A Postcard from Khiva, Uzbekistan

… history. The train stops in Urgench, a quiet and comparatively modern city of about 150,000 people. Exiting … Turkic nomadic tribesmen from the early centuries of the Common Era, Khorezm became an important commercial and … which the Earth revolved around the sun; the physician Ibn Sina, known in Europe as Avicenna, whose Canon of Medicine …
President George W. Bush shakes hands with China's President Hu Jintao following his visit and meeting Sunday, Aug. 10, 2008, with the Chinese leader at Zhongnanhai, the Chinese leaders compound in Beijing.

What Open Skies Can Do For Chinese-American Relations

… exchanges and cooperation between their armed forces. A competition in armaments between China and the United States … Condoleeza Rice said, “One has to be concerned by increasing Chinese military power,” adding that “there’s a … Taiwan, a self-ruled island separated from Mainland China since 1949 as a result of a civil war. At the White House, …
Mosaics from the apse in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna. Justinian is the figure in the center. The mosaics were completed in 547 CE.

The Justinianic Plague

… Justinian is the figure in the center. The mosaics were completed in 547 CE. Because there have been multiple … the DNA of the pathogen that causes it—the bacterium Yersinia pestis —in the remains of late Neolithic-era humans … the plague’s social and economic impact on the infected community. Our best historical source is Procopius of …
Still image from the Movie The Bridge (Criterion Collection).

Top Ten Origins: World War II Films

… away from the actual events of the war, movies have become the dominant means for us to envision them. But can you … the most striking scenes from The Burmese Harp , Mizushima comes upon a beach, stops, and stares in shock at an … Collection). When Polish participants in the 1944 Uprising climb into the sewers in Andrzej Wajda’s Kanal , we …
King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan.

Afghanistan, Drugs, and the Cold War (Prologued, Season 2, Episode 4)

… WWII, the United States began to boldly pursue a global community modeled upon American political, economic, and … menace seeking to snuff out America’s light. The godless Communists, American logic went, would stop at nothing to … approach to drugs. But it all gets lost in the Kennedy assassination and all the other chaos of the 1960s. Brionna …
President Theodore Roosevelt helped solidify conservation as a national agenda item along with preservationist John Muir.

Executive Conservation

Review of Presidents and the American Environment, by Otis L. Graham, Jr. (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2015)
… reader finds a series of chapters organized around either a single president or several. Less a narrative, the book … Yosemite as home for several lit-up resort hotels and casinos with their sprawling parking lots . . . the Mormon … onto both parties’ national agendas for decades to come and FDR splicing “conservation into the Democratic …
King speaking to an anti-Vietnam war rally at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul, April 27, 1967.

Which Martin Luther King to Honor?

… sides their full due, we will be honoring only a bloodless, comforting reflection of the whole troubling man.  Most … He taught that each of us is tied to all other people in “a single garment of destiny.” Only by loving that whole … greatest triumph, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the black community of Watts in Los Angeles erupted in riots. More …
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and outgoing President Herbert Hoover on Inauguration Day in 1933.

COVID, the New Deal, and the Importance of Leadership

… victory because his predecessor Herbert Hoover had been singularly unsuccessful in dealing with the ravages of the … everyone thought Roosevelt was up to the task. Political commentator Walter Lippmann called him “a kind of amiable … 'Construction of a Dam' (1939). The federal government commissioned this mural, along with many others, to fund …
Protestors against the U.S. Trump administration voice their commitment to the world's dispossessed.

The Politics of Refugee Aid in America’s “Short Century”

Review of Benevolent Empire: U.S. Power, Humanitarianism, and the World's Dispossessed , by Stephen R. Porter Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
… U.S. Power, Humanitarianism, and the World’s Dispossessed comes at a time that many observers of U.S. domestic … has had a murky, even “schizophrenic,” view of its commitment to the world’s dispossessed. Although the United … aid into what historians have identified as the “increasingly public, hierarchical, and institutionalized” …
Some of the subjects in the Guatemalan experiments

The Guatemala Inoculation Experiments

… and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (which would later become the Pan American Health Organization) financed and … the experiments. The Guatemalan government was also complicit and received compensation for its participation. … Transmitted Infections (STIs) in the military. Ever since the Civil War, STIs like gonorrhea and syphilis had …
Entrance gate of Auschwitz Concentration Camp, "Work Sets You Free," 2013

At the Movies: “Canaries,” A Review of Denial

… of the sort espoused by Richard Rorty. The maneuver is a common one from the perspective of positivism. In The … monstrous infamy that is antisemitism. But it is useless, completely useless.” However, Lipstadt stops short of … through the film. As she runs past a sandwich board advertising a newspaper’s summation of the verdict—“he …