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Ronald Reagan toasting at a State Dinner during his presidency.

Behind the Reagan Myths, a Mediocre Presidency

… number of letters that prove he was no dummy. A historian’s complaint, however, is larger than chagrin at the number of … greatness. Our few great political leaders supply something rare, a sense of how fundamental historical change … nation to alter its perceptions, values and policies. The comfortable old ways will no longer do. Reagan had an …
A portrait of U.S. Brig. Gen. William “Billy” Mitchell, who advocated for air power in the 1920s.

Rumsfeld Must Modernize U.S. Armed Forces

… believed, the U.S. military services had to become flexible and mobile enough to meet smaller and more … has been slow to see how pervasive that intrusion has become. Although his belated recognition has impaired his … opposition, Rumsfeld retreated, at least rhetorically, from some of his original objectives by saying that the armed …
The Terra Cotta Warriors: Xi’an’s most famous attraction

A Postcard from Xi’an: Balancing Past and Future

… it’s a Daoist mountain to the east, a Buddhist reliquary complex to the west, or the tomb-speckled hillside to the … getaway destination: visitors are granted access inside of some of the Tang Dynasty tombs in which they can see … hot June afternoon, the coolness of the tomb is welcome relief from the Shaanxi sun. Murals inside the …
Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center display.

America Needs New Words on Sept. 11

… surely will be. But they are inappropriate for this coming Sept. 11, no less than a newspaper printing last … And they have yet to ask all Americans to take part in accomplishing its ends. Lincoln spoke at Gettysburg to honor … and freedom of religion to the Nazi persecution of Jews. To some extent, freedom of expression and of religion might be …
painting - the War of 1812

The Legacy of the War of 1812 Is With Us Still

… one thing, it was a misbegotten war. Lacking today’s fast communications, Washington didn’t learn until after the … in early 1815, might also have been avoided with faster communications. The battle took place two weeks after … consequences, aside from peace, came from the conflict? Sometimes called the Second War for American Independence, …
A contractor for the U.S. Army kicking in a door during Operation IRAQI FREEDOM.

From King George the Third to the Third President George: Mercenaries are Still a Bad Idea

… Time, transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the Works of Death, Desolation, and Tyranny already … unworthy the Head of a civilized Nation.” Jefferson’s complaint might easily be uttered by Iraqis and others who … they’re assigned to protect; and they want to get paid. If someone else offers them more money, they might quit the job …
Palais de Beaulieu

The Theological Third Way in Latin America

Review of A Gospel for the Poor: Global Social Christianity and the Latin American Evangelical Left, by David C. Kirkpatrick (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019)
… Spirit, teaching them to obey everything I [Jesus] have commanded you” (Matthew 28:19 NIV). This Great Commission found at the end of the first gospel of the New … and Left. The Lausanne Congress of 1974 was a conference of some 2,700 evangelical Christian leaders that was held in …
Secretary of State John Kerry continued his meetings in Lausanne with Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif. Under Secretary Wendy Sherman and Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz are participating in the meetings.

Iran’s Nuclear Diplomacy

… have met periodically in Vienna in an attempt to accomplish what was long considered a near-impossible task. … weight of historically tense U.S.-Iranian relations was overcome and the nearly impossible realized in the form of the … impact on U.S. policy. While much of Tehran’s rhetoric and some of its actions are aggressive in tone and practice, …
The original Star-Spangled Banner is on view at the National Museum of American History in Washington, DC.

Grace Wisher: The Black Girl Who Helped Stitch the Star-Spangled Banner

… Three years into Grace’s apprenticeship, Pickersgill was commissioned to create the Star-Spangled Banner in … households worked to contribute to the family income and many white and Black working-class populations sold their children as apprentices to offset some of the expenses of rearing multiple children.  Many …
The Temple of Kukulkan at Chichén Itzá.

A Postcard From Chichén Itzá

… have found the remains of sacrificed children and some adult men.) If the clouds prevented the sun from … Indigenous Communities …
The Great Mosque of Djenne. This image illustrates the influence of Islam in the region and the building style of the region. Its origins are unknown but it shows the power of the emperors who built this structure that still stands today.

A New View of West African Empires

Review of African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa, by Michael A. Gomez (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018)
… how interconnected each empire was and how intricate and complex politics were in West Africa during this period. He … individuality of the story’s central characters. This is something not often seen in pre-colonial African histories.  … noted before the Gregorian, so that the seventh century becomes the “seventh/thirteenth,” and the tenth the …
President Bush visiting American troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day, 1990.

Selling Iraq with the Wrong Pitch

… to tell his usually hand-picked audiences that Iraq will become more democratic and prosperous because of America’s … War II because of American aid to those countries. His comparison holds little water. So why does he invoke it? … services than they did a year ago, despite our having spent some $20 billion on reconstruction to date. That was …
Bird's-eye-view of the 1993 border blockade enacted by CBP Border Patrol agents in El Paso, Texas as part of Operation Hold the Line.

Fortifying the U.S.-Mexico Boundary: The 1993 “Hold the Line” Experiment

… also proposed deploying advanced drug detection machines to combat the influx of fentanyl, which he claimed was … for those living in the cities and resulting in fatal outcomes for migrants in transit.   OHL presents a critical … to take care of its own.  However, others felt differently. Some said that militarism at the border did nothing to …
A photograph of Viola Desmond

Remembering Viola Desmond

… that day, Desmond became the target of a racist incident, a common event for Blacks in Canada. Her decision to challenge … programs, Desmond earned a teacher’s certificate by completing a provincial test. She was required to teach in a … jury service, places of worship, and refused service by some hospitals . Blacks and whites sat in separate sections …
Perry speaking at the 2015 Conservative Political Action Conference in National Harbor, Maryland.

Governor Perry’s Vice-Presidential Mistake

… up from the nation's second job.     But Garner's pithy comment no longer describes the vice presidency.     The … overcame misgivings of close Ronald Reagan associates to become a valued presidential adviser and effective diplomat. … levels of influence.  His vice president, Dick Cheney, was something of a chief operating officer for much of the …
a man standing on a large bomb

Fifty Years Later, We Still Need to Learn to Love the Bomb

… Film Institute ranks the film as the third best American comedy ever made and the 39th best film overall. It would be … “You can’t fight in here! This is the War Room!” But few comedies have endured like Dr. Strangelove, and Strangelove … the possibilities of apocalypse, Dr. Strangelove became something more: a dismantling of the entire idea of the Cold …
Vaccination team member giving a cholera vaccine in Cerca Carvajal, 2013.

Cholera and the Roots of Public Health

… mechanism of transmission. By contrast, the “miasmatists” (sometimes called “anti-contagionists”) posited that … the poor’s living conditions. In Great Britain, Poor Law Commissioner Edwin Chadwick, from the miasma school, began … sewer design for stopping the spread. One point had become especially clear: sanitation was key to creating a …
Taxation without Representation, Suffrage Collection.

Death, Taxes, and the American Founders

… the need for savings versus the need for resources for the common good.  For many of today's issues — such as Internet … Today Republicans would like to repeal the estate tax completely, while Democrats want to retain it.  The proposed …  that all citizens are legally and politically equal.   Some founders wanted to eliminate inheritance entirely. In a …
President Clinton and President-Elect Bush in December 2000.

Leadership and the New Bush Administration

… otherwise, is a dynamic process that revolves around three complex elements — the leader, the followers and the … they do appear to be fixated on the second major component of the leadership process: the followers. … Despite the even balance of power in the Senate and House, some level of cooperation with the chief executive is …
Jackie Robinson

Top Ten Origins: The World Series

… that are landmark moments in baseball’s evolution as a commercial enterprise and its adaptation to the significant … Canadian flag into the pre-game ceremonies. With an extra-inning victory in Game Six, the Blue Jays became the … leagues was the creation of black-owned baseball teams. Some barnstormed , while others constituted what were known …
A U.S. military vehicle crossing the Iraq border in March 2003.

U.S. Credibility at Stake in Iraq

… that Iraq was a significant threat to the international community. Why is that? Because, the United States — from … The problem was the second attack never occurred. Naval commanders couldn’t even confirm whether their ships had … States has taken Baghdad, where’s the evidence? Oddly, some members of the Bush administration have been talking …
The National Crest of Transnistria.

Transnistria: The History Behind the Russian-backed Region

… five to ten individuals planted 12 anti-tank mines at a telecommunications complex, destroying two large radio antennas. More recently, … nationalism because, “it can’t be good for me if it hurts someone.” These Moldovans chose to eschew nationalism …