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Antichristus, a woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder: the pope depicted as the Antichrist, using his temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler.

The Bible as a Political Tool

… The 5,280-pound monument of the Ten Commandments installed by the Alabama Supreme Court Chief … all intents and purposes, Hebrew (in translation of course) comes a close second.   Moore’s claim that the Ten Commandments form the basis of American law will not stand …
Portrait of James Madison.

The Hidden Consequences of Campaign Finance Reform

… discussion of issues over party politics but make political compromise even more difficult than it is today. In 1787, … national American institutions. But in the late 1850s, the mostly southern Democrats  supported slavery’s geographical expansion and the mostly northern Republicans did not. The national parties …
The logo for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.

Genocide and Justice in Rwanda

… of criminal responsibility imposed by the international community for the commission of mass atrocities. Yet, … One of the United Nations’ first acts after it was formed in 1945 was to draft the Convention on the Prevention … 1948 and it entered into legal force in 1951 after the requisite number of states signed on. The United Nations General …
Image of a junior high school classroom from Harris & Ewing Photographs.

An Historic Opportunity in Education

… enact this substantial change to Title I. This 35-year-old compensatory education legislation has failed to reach its … to the states” position on education policy is clear. For almost two decades America has known that its schools are not … and the editor of the Federal Education Policy History website. He is the author of "Failing Grades: The Federal …
Political prisoners in Kengir, Kazakhstan

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

… Soviet counter-intelligence agency, for writing derogatory comments about Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in a private … experience. Political prisoners in Kengir, Kazakhstan , the site of a famous prisoner revolt. Solzhenitsyn portrayed … One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich . Before 1956 it seemed unlikely that Solzhenitsyn would ever become a published …
soldiers in Vietnam

Memories of Vietnam in Memoriam

Review of Nothing Ever Dies: Vietnam and the Memory of War, by Viet Thanh Nguyen Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.
… who view the dead and choose to remember them. This is a complex work.  Equal parts philosophical treatise, … to his core principle of an ethical “just memory”. Nguyen sites first person shooter style videogames as allowing … photographs across Southeast Asia.  Nothing Ever Dies is most certainly a scholarly work, drawing from a wide swath …
Riot police officers in Kyiv, December 2013

A Postcard from Kyiv: A Year of Reckoning for Ukraine

… in Kyiv,  December 2013 The year 2014 will no doubt become a caesura, a line dividing Ukraine’s history into … to live in Nazi Germany and survived Hitler's regime. Most likely, they were not killed because of the … patriotic fervor, but - just as importantly – they were ashamed to return home humiliated. That's why the makeshift …
Iceberg, St. Lunaire.

A Postcard from Newfoundland

… people in harvesting sea life off the banks of what would become Canada’s eastern shore. Cod—so synonymous with fishing … villages on the coast were relocated to more centralized communities. It was argued that infrastructure projects such … rocks, Birchy Cove (bottom). Bench at World Heritage site, L'Ans aux Meadow (top); Church, Duntara (bottom). …
The Sherman M4-A2E8 Tank

12/3/2014: At the Movies: Fury

… David Ayer. The movie centers on an M-4 Sherman tank nicknamed “Fury” and its crew of battle-hardened soldiers during … their way through a devastated Germany. The first major combat sequence takes place in an open field, as Collier and … of the average American soldier, the crew of “Fury” spend most of their time – when not in battle – committing …
The Senate's side of the U.S. Capitol Building.

The Framers vs. Sen. Frist

… Conservatives portray the men who framed the Constitution as repositories of democratic wisdom. … needed for decisions we’re stuck with. The Framers weren’t comfortable with slender majorities when the nation’s … decision to grant lifetime tenure to a judge.Ê Most judicial appointments over the years have in fact won …
Photo from 1890 of the first OSU football team

Taylor Branch on the Crisis of College Sports

… Collegiate Athletic Association, or NCAA. In addition to completing the monumental  King Era Trilogy , Branch has … these other nations in your opinion?   Taylor Branch  Well, most other nations still view the universities as a place … mounted a campaign against that. That's exactly the opposite of what you would hope a university would do, which is …
A Marine Corps M1 Abrams tank patrols a Baghdad street after its fall in 2003 during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Who Will Pay for Iraq and When?

… of taxing citizens. Lotteries, an essential source of income for 42 states today, helped pay for the Revolutionary … less direct but longer-lasting cost of the Vietnam war. The most impressive wartime financing ever was by President … countries like Japan to pay almost all of America’s immediate war costs. In the case of Iraq, instead of raising …
Indian bicycle troops are pictured at the Somme in 1916

The Amritsar Massacre

… example of this policy in action when hundreds of unarmed, peaceful civilians in Punjab were shot by British soldiers under the command of the now infamous “Butcher of Amritsar.” British … too wide to enter the narrow passageway into the square (at most only four people can walk abreast). Forsaking the car, …
Ration distribution point.

The Other War in Pakistan

… and preposition food for this emergency, all the while combating the Nazi war machine. None of the allies’ heroics … building block for life, and in Pakistan, it goes beyond immediate nourishment by providing peace and stability to the … have escaped the war zones, but they are still facing the most relentless of all foes — hunger. William Lambers is an …
Thomas Jefferson

The Road to a New American Aristocracy

… that the blood in their veins distinguished them from the common herd. Despite the rhetoric about property rights that … generations. By the 1830s America had become one of the most egalitarian societies in world history, at least for … talent and protect civic equality. They promote America's most enduring values. We can't afford to repeal them. Johann …
Lady Bird Johnson in the Texas Hill Country.

The Power of the Pedestal

… of all classes and races know a lady when we see one. She combines a highly attuned sense of others’ needs with an … to the presidency; indeed, eight southern states were deemed too dangerous for campaigning. But Lady Bird Johnson … speaking that she turned down her class’s valedictorian medal, Lady Bird Johnson delivered 47 speeches in 47 cities …
Crowd with sign: "Black Caucus for Chisholm"

"Earn Your Spurs" (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 7)

… as president of the NCN,W the organization deepened its commitment to the Civil Rights Movement, with Height joining … chapter in 1967. And, while in office, she hired a staff of mostly women, half of whom were Black. She often found … and some women prefer the republican party for the opposite reason, Sarah Paxton A lot of this partisanship is …
Fidel Castro in 1959

Easing Up on Cuba

… the Cold War was at its peak, and the Soviet Union had become Cuba’s patron, pouring billions annually into its … have long sent huge sums surreptitiously), and allowed medical supplies to be sent more readily. This month he … the Baltimore Orioles and the Cuban national team. Still, most Americans cannot visit Cuba without special government …
Cover of The Battle of Adwa African Victory in the Age of Empire by Raymond Jonas

When Ethiopia Stunned the World

Review of The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of Empire, by Raymond Jonas (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2011)
… and, due to a series of blunders by his subordinate commanders, his force was overwhelmed. Aside from numerous casualties, one mission reported … and commoners and sheds new light the conflict. The most difficult aspect of this review is summarizing this …
Depiction of the eleven-month-long siege of the Russian naval base at Sevastopol, Crimea, during the Crimean War

Crimea: A General Introduction

Review of Crimea: A History, by Neil Kent London: Hurst & Company, 2016.
… the Greeks, the Romans, and the Goths, among others. This comprises the first chapter of Kent’s history. The next … remaining six chapters deal with the history of Crimea almost exclusively through the lens of its relationship with … experience of the Crimean War and both World Wars, the immediate post-war period, and the transference of the …
Photo of a healthcare worker holding an elderly person's hand.

Ducking Out on Retiree Benefits

… on a mix of public and private pensions. Like it or not, company pensions are part of public policy. This struggle … old-age security, but these were mainly posturing. Among companies claiming to offer pensions, 84 percent did not … pension benefits at any time for acts or statements it deemed “prejudicial to the interests of the company.” Fewer …
JFK and Jackie Kennedy on a sailboat

Watching JFK Live and Die Years Later

… events of November 22, 1963, in Dallas. Conservative radio commentator Bill O’Reilly’s best-selling nonfiction book … persists because it was the first national tragedy truly mediated through television and the “live” moving image. In … two hours, 92% had heard the news. Over the next four days most Americans consumed the same set of images, as all major …
Republican Party Logo.

Republicans Should Look Back to the Future

… recently to consider their party’s future, many of them complained that conservatives had lost their way. They …   Yet Eisenhower recognized that the American public welcomed FDR’s New Deal reforms that helped the aged, the …   The Republicans’ turn away from moderation appeared most dramatically four years after Eisenhower retired from …