Alcoholics Anonymous began in Akron, Ohio, in 1935 when Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith met while seeking sobriety. This video explores AA’s origins, the Twelve Steps, and how a small recovery movement grew into a worldwide fellowship.

The Ottoman Empire’s collapse unfolded over years of war, upheaval, and ethnic conflict. The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne recognized the new Republic of Turkey, redrew the region’s political order, and helped shape the modern Middle East.

A pivotal 11th century power struggle between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII over who could appoint church leaders leading to excommunications, civil war, and a lasting debate over church versus state authority.