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Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District

1885: A European Colonial Dream and an African Nightmare

… of the Congo (IAC) was a vehicle for Leopold II, the second king in the young Belgian monarchy, and his entourage to … the Congo Free State (CFS), ruled and owned by the Belgian king.  With ambitions that far outmeasured his small kingdom, he had his sights set on lifting the profile and …
A barricade in central Berlin during the March 1848 uprising.

March 1848: The German Revolutions

… Hesse were not major powers of the Confederation, like the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire. And yet, in … its patchwork arrangement of territories ruled by various kings, princes, and dukes, and a handful of independent … Paris, where in late February 1848 protests erupted against King Louis Philippe, who came to power after the 1830 …
Zog I of Albania in front of the Albania Republic flag.

Albania’s First Republic

… the government and declared himself ruler of a new Kingdom of Albania.  Given the country’s turbulent and … the Premier as his party maintained power. Zog survived an assassination attempt in 1924, but he was severely wounded … 1, 1928, Zog dissolved the republic and declared himself King, creating the Kingdom of Albania.  Zog fashioned …

A New Congo Crisis?

… covering much of central Africa, was the dream of Belgian King Leopold II. In 1885, he established control over a … revenue divisions in the Congo Free State with crosses marking the locations of documented atrocities ( top ). An 1885 … participants, the process was also complicated by the assassination in 2001 of L-D. Kabila by one of his …
An influenza hospital at Camp Funston

The 1918 Flu Pandemic

… eight million Spaniards succumbed to the disease. Even the King of Spain, Alfonso XIII, caught influenza in 1918. King Alfonso XIII of Spain (r. 1886-1931) The standard … an important legacy in the history of medicine. Beyond shocking tolls, the pandemic inspired a surge in biomedical …

America's "Big Brother": A Century of U.S. Domestic Surveillance

… internet.” President Barack Obama condemned Snowden for leaking, claiming there were other, official channels through … list included Jane Fonda, Joan Baez, Benjamin Spock, and Martin Luther King, Jr., among others. In 1969, the NSA formalized …
A portrait of Slobodan Milosevic

Glory and the New World Order

… like crazy men. What could they possibly gain from provoking the United States? In military terms it makes as much sense as poking a 500-pound gorilla with a cocktail stick. The problem … less than everlasting glory. For hundreds of years the kings of Europe sought glory through a combination of …

'The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis': Understanding the Darfur Conflict

… ethnic and linguistic groups. They include non-Arabic speaking groups such as the Fur, Masalit, Zaghawa, Tunjur, and Daju as well as Arabic-speaking such as Rizaiqat, Missairiyya, Ta`isha, Beni Helba, and … than an ethnic label, for the majority of the Arabic speaking groups are pastoralists. On the other hand, most of the …
Cover of 428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire by Giusto Traina.

The End of the World as They Knew It

Review of 428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire, by Giusto Traina (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. pp. xix, 203. Trans. by Allan Cameron)
… the Persians engineered a coup which deposed the Arsacid king, Artashes IV, which fundamentally altered the … terms for the treatment of Christians within the former kingdom. The Great King of Persia, Bahram V, had outfoxed the Romans; Flavius …
An orientalist nineteenth century Russian view of Samarkand in the time of Timur.

A Castilian in Samarkand, 1404

… named Timur (meaning “iron” in Persian). De Clavijo’s lord, King Henry III of Castile , had dispatched him to learn more … the ambassador whom Timour Beg [Tamerlane] had sent to the king of Castille was with them; and those who saw him, … eager to note the favor that Timur showed to the King of Castile. When he was presented to the …
The Norwegians Land in Iceland 872 by Oscar Wergeland (1877).

Why We Love the Vikings

… There’s no denying that the Vikings and Norse mythology are having a moment.  From History Channel’s  Vikings  to Marvel’s  Thor  films, to Robert Eggers’  The … Gaiman’s  American Gods  and Bernard Cornwell’s The Last Kingdom  novels ,  to other novels like Rick Riordan’s  …
The almshouse at Woburn, Bedfordshire, England

Top Ten Origins: Housing the Poor

… Friedrich Engels examined the wretched dwellings of the working class under capitalism, noting a troubling … desperately poor, offending Christian virtues and leading Martin Luther to rail against the “verdammte Fuckerei”—the damned …
Judas kissing Jesus

The Gospel of Judas: The Rediscovery of the Earliest Gnostic Gospel

… open things up for discussion. If you're interested in asking a question, please write it in the Q&A function at the … happens next: Jesus, because he knew that Judas was thinking about the rest of the exalted things as well, said to … from them, and I will tell you the mysteries of the kingdom, not so that you will go there, but so that you will …

The Alpha and Omega of the Greek Debt Crisis

… The result: in order to prevent the collapse of the banking system, the Greek government ordered banks to close … cliff, others perceive any resolution offered as further kicking the can down the road and delaying an inevitable exit … bankruptcy. A Bavarian prince, Otto became the first modern King of Greece in 1832. Greece gained its independence in …
Cover of Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend by Richard Stoneman.

Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend

Review of Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend, by Richard Stoneman (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2008)
… approach. It comes to us via Firdausi's Shahnameh (Book of Kings), Persia's national epic written in the tenth century. … (a fictitious figure) and the daughter of Filicus (Philip), King of Rum, while Darius III is the son of Darab and a … Persian writers even present Alexander as a wise, spiritual king whose displacement of Darius was beneficial to Persia. …

European Disunion: The Rise and Fall of a Post-War Dream?

… The European Union (EU) has been a grand experiment in breaking down the barriers between nations and achieving … 28 th member of the EU. Even as states such as the United Kingdom contemplate leaving the EU altogether, the president … economies in southern and western Europe, and the United Kingdom’s proposed referendum to end its 40-year membership …
15th century painting of Christine de Pisan, QUeen Isabeau, and 7 other women

Medieval Women's Rights: Setting the Stage for Today

… that we do today. Sara Butler is a Professor and the King George III Chair in British History at The Ohio State … Let's get to know our speaker today. Dr. Sara Butler is the King George III Professor of British History at Ohio State … with her husband and three kids. You'll often see her walking her dogs in the evening. With that introduction, let me …
Chinese laborers work a sugar plantation in 19th century Hawaii.

A Sweet Beginning: the U.S. Sugar Monopoly

… a sizable ownership of sugar plantations throughout the Kingdom of Hawaii. Claus Spreckels controlled most of the … in the Western United States and was dubbed “the Sugar King of the Sandwich Islands” by industry insiders. The industry dubbed Spreckels “the Sugar King of the Sandwich Islands.” With his stronghold in the …