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Three Afghan police trainees, sitting on ground with guns

Afghanistan: Past and Prospects

… I was a graduate student finishing my PhD when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.   Scott Levi   My name is Scott … some ways analogous to what the Americans and other international actors have pursued in Afghanistan since then. So …
Defendants hearing verdict, Nuremberg Trial Photographs, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Elizabeth Duddy

The Nuremberg Judgment

Beginning on November 20, 1945, the International Military Tribunal consisting of representatives from the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union worked together to bring 22 former Nazi leaders and their organizations to justice.
… Beginning on November 20, 1945, the International Military Tribunal consisting of representatives … from the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union—the four major Allied powers—worked together to bring … from the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union worked together to bring 22 former Nazi leaders …

As Cuba and the United States Reengage: The Presence of the Past

… war in 1868.” Three days later, Castro told the Cuban National Assembly that “no one should expect Cuba to … importance to the political and commercial interests of our Union,” John Adams pronounced in 1823. “It is scarcely … Cuban foreign policy, specifically expanding ties with the Soviet Union. Simply put: Americans were aghast. How utterly …
Government of National Unity in 2009. Left to right: Arthur Mutambara, Robert Mugabe, Morgan Tsvangirai, and Thabo Mbeki.

A Lesson for South Africa? Zimbabwe’s Path to Multi-Party Rule

… the country’s political landscape, as the dominant African National Congress (ANC) failed to secure a majority vote, … was banned, Nkomo regrouped as Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU), a socialist-aligned political party that … one of the founders of the Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) in  1963 when ZAPU …

NATO's New Order: The Alliance After the Cold War

… to some of the conditions of the Cold War that defined international politics between 1945 and 1991. Some have even … that characterized the initial years after the fall of the Soviet Union , it has become more assertive on its borders and less … Diplomacy/International Relations …
Colin Kaepernick and teammates kneeling

The Long View of Sports Protests

… quarterback Colin Kaepernick began kneeling during the National Anthem to raise awareness of the Black Lives Matter … quarterback Colin Kaepernick began kneeling during the national anthem to protest the oppression of black people and people …
Young Child dressed in a Uncle Sam costume

Coming to America to Contribute

Review of Ellis Island Nation: Immigration Policy and American Identity in the Twentieth Century, by Robert L. Fleegler Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013
… the contributions that various ethnicities, religions, and nationalities brought to the American scene. For others, the … the process of “Americanization”—the erasing of old national identities—became a priority. Politicians and other … US society still discriminated against immigrants based on nationality. This led to the Immigration Act of 1965 which …

What We Talk About When We Talk About Confederate Monuments

… a former journalist and current member of the ultra-nationalist group the Proud Boys, planned a “Unite the … of Durham, NC published heroic profiles of Confederate and Union figures in 1889 to advertise their cigarettes ( left ) … specter of a centralized police state loomed large as the Soviet Union expanded across Europe. The logic behind …
A Uyghur hunter in Kashgar, 2005.

Xinjiang: From Autonomy to Dystopia

… by an alien power. The memory of two failed attempts at national statehood in the 20th century (two different … of the country’s population and saw itself as “a union of five races” — Han, Manchu, Mongols, Tibetans, and … self-determination of different nations, all within a Soviet context. This model of managing ethnic and national
Team photo of a soccer team

The Politics of International Sport

… to tumultuous popular demonstrations. Politics and international sports seem to go hand-in-hand, but why? Join … Sullivan, who was the head of the American Amateur Athletic Union. And some of the American Olympic efforts early in the … So you look at those East German weightlifters and those Soviet swimmers and all that other kind of stuff, and that …
The 3rd Tipperary Brigade of the Old IRA, pictured during the early 1920s.

100 Years of Irish Independence and Division

… these regional differences fostered two distinct senses of national identity. In the north, Ulster Protestants tended … staked their political future on the preservation of the Union. In political terms, they came to describe themselves as Unionists.  In much of the rest of Ireland, Roman …
fire at plant in Bhopal in background people lost in the fire

Remembering Bhopal: The World's Worst Industrial Disaster

… struggles of the survivor, and also as a volunteer for international campaign for justice in Bhopal, about which perhaps … have persisted with their fight to hold a US Corporation, Union, Carbide, and its current owner, Dow Chemical, guilty … Bhopal is and there's a little schematic to show where the Union Carbide factory was, where the gas leak had happened. …
Tommie Smith and John Carlos protesting at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

Ten Protests in Sports History

… 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick to kneel for the national anthem during the 2016 season. That gesture, which … accusations of racism levelled by the OSU Black Student Union, campus boycotts, competing rallies for and against … awarded to a Communist nation. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union invested significant material and cultural …
President Joe Biden with other foreign leaders, sitting around a table with others looking on

How does Ideology Drive U.S. Foreign Relations?

… , Professor of History and Wayne Woodrow Hayes Chair in National Security Studies at The Ohio State University.  An … public why, for instance, you know, containment of the Soviet Union in the late 1940s, meant that the US should be … Diplomacy/International Relations …
A Church in Novgorod Russia

Russia and the World

… of interference in foreign elections, the country's international activities suggest that its leadership is on a … interim director of Havighurst Center for Russian and Post-Soviet Studies at Miami University in Ohio.   Stephen … very long history, from the imperial era through the Soviet Union and today's post-Soviet society. What have Russia's …

After Putin? Russia's Presidential Elections

… Minister in charge of implementing so-called "projects of national priority" (such as housing and health) and the … to look at what occurred in the 1990s in the wake of the Soviet collapse and to recall the fact that the past seldom … abroad, whether in formerly Soviet space, the European Union, the U.S., or developing countries. The Presidential …
Auguste Chouteau—Founder of St. Louis and Head of the Chouteau family

Blood Rules the Water: Kinship Diplomacy in Early America

Review of Masters of the Middle Waters: Indian Nations and Colonial Ambitions Along the Mississippi, by Jacob F. Lee (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019)
… By controlling the riverways, the original paths for international trade in Native America, the Illinois were able to …
cars on a highway

Sweet Fuel: The Remarkable Story of Brazilian Ethanol

… Brazilian government mandated a mixture of ethanol in the national fuel supply in the 1930s, and the success of the … military dictatorship to expand the industry and create the national program Proálcool in 1975. Private businessmen, politicians, and national and international automobile manufacturers together …

Becoming 'European:' The Diverging Paths of the Czech and Slovak Republics

… upon a pedestal draped in the blue and gold European Union (EU) flag, the undulating pendulum reminded observers … integration and prosperity. For the states of the former Soviet bloc in particular, the EU symbolizes full … respective attitudes toward membership in regional and international organizations and in their expectations of what it …
Taiwanese flags on display for National Day, 2018.

The Taiwan Strait Conflict

… and their jostling for representation and recognition internationally. The two states are still technically at war with … regional partner in the emerging global conflict with the Soviet Union, the United States helped introduce Nationalist China … Diplomacy/International Relations …
Celebrations for Jamaican Independence, 2012.

Jamaican Independence

… one triumph in the long history of Black sovereignty and nationalism that led to the disintegration of the British … consciousness also increased at this time due to union organizing and the spread of ideas from travel, … Bustamante founded the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union and one of Jamaica’s two political parties, the …
Soviet and US Flags

Cultural Diplomacy and the Global Cold War

… of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Her work focuses on nationalism, migration, global history, and Cold War … developed out of the political confrontations between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War Two. And while … Global/Transnational
Flag of United States Semiquincentennial

Happy 250th Birthday America!

… 1876: The Centennial Americans in all 38 states of the Union marked the Centennial with parades, speeches, and all … official name hinted at what was on offer: “The International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of … No East, No West,” one Centennial slogan had it: “The Union One and Indivisible.” That sectional healing didn’t …