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Turkish soldiers standing over skeletal remains during Armenian Genocide

Armenians, Turks, and the Genocide Question

… April 24, 2015 marks the commemoration of the 100 th anniversary of the Armenian … The result was the physical annihilation of the Armenian communities that had lived in the Anatolian peninsula for … “genocide,” and why coming to terms with mass atrocities is so difficult today. ( Image Source ) …
Kosovo is located to the south of Serbia.

The Perils of Breaking Away

… going to receive international approval for its quest to become an independent nation. While many inside Kosovo and out … genocide is one of the few, controversial, exceptions. In Europe, the prohibition on secession was codified in the … Service and a doctoral student in history and security studies at Yale. E-mail:  jmankoff@yahoo.com . …
Raising a Flag over the Reichstag by Yevgeny Khaldei (1945).

The Living Ghosts of the Second World War and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

… and Neo-Nazis” who, backed by their NATO allies, were committing “genocide” against Russians.  In justifying the … their struggles to regain independence, also view current European events through the prism of their wartime … and still others by the constrained choices of able-bodied men hoping to survive the horrifically violent Nazi …
Cover of Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II by Karel C. Berkhoff

Long Live the Soviet Motherland?

Review of Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II, by Karel C. Berkhoff (Harvard University Press, 2012)
… in their own cultures. While we may now wish that saving Europe's Jews had been a high priority during the Second … forces highlighting Jewish suffering would have meant combatting anti-Semitism among their own population. … to "a single camp," and the enforced model of utter obedience meant that all efforts had to be directed against the …
The Taras Shevchenko monument in Borodyanka, Ukraine damaged by the Russian attack, April 2022.

Taras Shevchenko, Poet of Ukraine

… history of the Cossacks for Ukraine. The freedom they embodied became a potent inspiration for Ukrainian readers. His … was, but we should keep this as it is now.” Learn More: The Complete Kobzar: The Poetry of Taras Shevchenko. Translated … Dead, Living, and Unborn,” The Slavonic and East European Review 89/1 (2011): 29-55. George G. Grabowicz, …
On August 8, 1918, 17,000 German soldiers surrendered to the Allies.

November 11, 1918: The End of World War I?

… the story goes. In January 1918, after forty-one months of combat, Allied troops were ready for a ceasefire, but they … Allies. By mid-1918, however, the tally of U.S. troops on European soil swelled to half a million, the British naval … and the failure of the Spring Offensive caused German soldiers’ morale to plummet. The impact was devastating. On …

History, Memory, and the Art of Protest in Belarus

… Sweden, larger than the three Baltic republics (PDF File) combined, and larger than Austria. It would be the 11 th … nationalism was one of the most recent to appear in Europe. The first Belarusian language newspaper appeared … way of comparison, approximately 1.3 million Americans have died in all wars since 1776). Belarus, the historian Timothy …
Views of the White Tower in Thessaloniki, Greece.

A Postcard from Thessaloniki, Greece

… crenellation of the rooftop and its turret exemplify a medieval military fortification. Its image illustrates postcards, coffee mugs and magnets commemorating this relaxed, yet urbane port on the Aegean … of cylindrical drums much like this landmark exists in the European suburbs of Istanbul , Turkey . Heading on a ferry …
A long line of migrants in India

Migration and Mobility: Yesterday and Today

… Debates over immigration and refugee policy in the U.S., Europe, and across the world have become fierce and deeply divisive, to say the least, and will … Department of History panelists Theodora Dragostinova, Associate Professor; Maysan Haydar, Lecturer and Robin Judd, …
Last Supper By Simon Ushakov, 1685

Reverence and Relics: The Holy Dead in the Pre-Modern Christian World

Review of Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation, by Robert Bartlett (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013)
… attitudes toward the cult of the saints in pre-modern Europe. In this lengthy book, Bartlett explains various … were an obvious denominational marker. “Part Two: Dynamics” comprises the bulk of the book. In chapters five through … churches, towns, and individuals over the course of the medieval period. Two chapters on the imagery and literature …
Book Cover of For Peace and Money French and British Finance in the Service of Tsars and Commissars By: Jennifer Siegel

12/15/2014: Hot off the Presses: Peace, Money, and Tsars

… French and British Finance in the Service of Tsars and Commissars New book from Ohio State historian Jennifer … foremost international debtor country in pre-World War I Europe. To finance the modernization of industry, the … of World War I." [Book description from the publisher's website ] …
Ivan Aivazovsky, a Native of Feodosia, Crimea, is known as one of Russia's greatest painters, and one of the world's best at seascapes. The Battle of Sinop (Russian and Turkish Navies), 1853

Top Ten Origins: Stories from Crimea

… The Crimea that most people have come to know is a peninsula occupied by Russian forces, … and residents likely spread the famous Black Death to Europe. Partly independent and partly subject to the Ottoman … Crimea to Russia, as the ancient site where, according to medieval Russian documents, Prince Vladimir “the Baptist” …
West Berliners stand amid the rubble of WWII and watch U.S. Air Force transport planes land at Templehof Airport during the Berlin Airlift in 1948.

The Berlin Airlift

… On May 12, 1949,  the Soviet Union officially lifted its blockade of  West Berlin … to establishing and expanding their hold over  Eastern Europe , and a Western-backed currency directly opposed that … new runways in both major West Berlin airports just to accommodate the increased traffic from the large, heavy, …
Alert soldiers on the Brandenburg Gate, during the Spartacist Uprising

Victorious Weimar: Reframing the German Revolution

Review of November 1918: The German Revolution, by Robert Gerwarth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020)
… the debate over what historians have called the failed, incomplete, and even the forgotten revolution has been revived … to other revolutionary regime changes that occurred on the European continent. This was largely due to the Majority … political system in which all power was in the hands of soldiers’ and workers’ councils.” Ebert emerged as Chancellor, …
Cover of The Anatomy Murders by Lisa Rosner

The Anatomy Murders

Review of The Anatomy Murders, by Lisa Rosner (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009)
… the first few decades of the nineteenth century the dead bodies themselves became precious commodities because the dissection of human cadavers for … study had become an essential element of training in Europe's medical schools. This sort of research was legally …

The Soviet Collapse

… In 1985, it seemed the Soviet Union would last forever. Its Communist Party rulers held a monopoly on political power. … Gorbachev. Gorbachev also adopted a new approach to Eastern Europe , stating that countries there were entitled to … of Eastern Europe —land won by the blood of Soviet soldiers in World War II —as tantamount to treason. They …
Demolition of Alexander III Monument, Moscow 1918

Russia’s February Revolution and the Precarious Politics of Nostalgia

… battles with police, and, crucially, the mutiny of soldiers tasked with quelling the protests. Alarmed, Chairman … To delay is impossible.” The tsar did not reply, instead complaining that “Again that fat-belly Rodzianko has written … the Russian Empire did “everything it could to convince Europe to find a peaceful and bloodless solution.” The …
Portrait photograph of woman, boy and two dogs, ca. 1890s.

How Dogs Became Our Faithful Family Companions

… were often labeled luxuriant leeches. However, by 1900, the common dog was a faithful companion and beloved family … at this phenomenon’s forefront and replaced birds, the trendiest 18th-century English pet.  Dogs transitioned into … companions. The first was the iconoclastic group of European artists known as the Romantics. English Romantics …
Cover of The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall by Mary Elise Sarotte.

…And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: A History of Contingency and Happenstance

Review of The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall, by Mary Elise Sarotte New York: Basic Books, 2014.
… impenetrable barrier between Western capitalism and Eastern socialism—and, more importantly, between peoples of shared … irrevocably porous. But the events of November 9 did not come from nowhere. The fall of the Berlin Wall—as detailed … of the CSCE’s (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) Final Act, which brought the GDR under close …
Depiction of the Battle of Bosworth Field by the eighteenth-century painter, Philip James de Loutherbourg.

The Battle of Bosworth Field

… August 22, 1485, King Richard III of England (r. 1483-1485) died fighting in the Battle of Bosworth Field. The victor, … More, however, had worked for both Henry VII and his son Henry VIII (r.1509-1547), so it is likely that the … son of York and was also Edward’s brother.  But when Edward died in April of 1483, he left two young sons (both under …