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Downstream view of Marco Polo Bridge by Thomas Child, 1877. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937)

… War II began with Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939, the roots of that global conflict actually reach back to the … history itself is segmented by events termed “incidents” when they occurred in efforts to minimize their importance. … liberated from colonialism by war’s end in September 1945, was working on it. And, more generally, what was then termed …
A Soviet junior political officer urges Soviet troops forward against German positions, 1942

Operation Barbarossa

their mutual ill-gotten gains, the Soviet-German Pact was an uneasy partnership. Growing tensions over Finland and … organized into three vast Army Groups. Their targets were Leningrad, Moscow, and Ukraine , respectively. At 3:15 am, … the Eastern Front: David Glantz and Jonathan M. House, When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. …

The Fate of the Kurds

… his sudden withdrawal of U.S. military support for the Kurds in northern Syria in October 2019 with an … The Kurds within the Ottoman Empire Much of Kurdistan was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire , centered in what … changed markedly in the middle of the 19 th century, when the central Ottoman government embarked on a series of …
The Alcoholics Anonymous logo at a church. (Image by Rachel K)

A Brief History of Alcoholics Anonymous

… surgeon, co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous in Akron, Ohio when they met for the first time on June 10, 1935.  This chance … an expert in the treatment of alcoholism, Silkworth was among the first to propose a disease rather than a moral …

As Cuba and the United States Reengage: The Presence of the Past

… 2014, Presidents Barack Obama and Raúl Castro announced to their respective nations that the United States and Cuba had … agreed to resume full diplomatic relations. The occasion was dense with history. It could hardly have been otherwise, … with the recognition that “change is hard,” especially “when we carry the heavy weight of history on our shoulders.” …

Aerial Torpedoes, Buzz Bombs, and Predators: The Long Cultural History of Drones

… major speech to outline drone warfare policies. Since 2002, the nation has been arming drones to fight its global war on … shares such optimistic appraisals of drones, and even Obama was forced to concede the dangers of undue secrecy, lack of … of the combat drone, beginning dramatically in spring 1944 when Nazi robot bombs started falling on London. Germany’s …
Cover of Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II by Karel C. Berkhoff

Long Live the Soviet Motherland?

Review of Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II, by Karel C. Berkhoff (Harvard University Press, 2012)
… village last month I toured a school history museum. The principal and her museum director proudly showed us the one room exhibition in which the history of the region was displayed in objects, images, even a diorama. The major … officials monitored the press themselves, stepping in whenever some editor or author was out of line. In the
President George W. Bush

Policies for the Fearful: Rollback Then, Regime Change Now

… All indications are that regime change in Iraq is still on the agenda of the Bush administration. Ironically, the … of force is rarely the answer. The idea of containment was that force was available to use in the last resort. … the concept of rollback only once during the Cold War, when General Douglas MacArthur had the North Korean army on …

The Dominican Republic and the United States: A Baseball History

… Over the past century, baseball has become a truly global game. … league to return to television in the United States was the KBO from South Korea . Dominican young men play for … of games played on those sugar plantations, especially when work was light during the tiempo muerto (dead time)in …

Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: America's Love Affair with the Two-Party System

The left side of the American political-entertainment … as the centralizing economic and tax policies of the Washington administration, especially the chartering of a … once more came close to electing a President, in 1812 , when opposition to the war with England held James Madison …
President Richard Nixon in 1969.

The Broken Scandal-Reform Cycle

… have come to expect great legislative victories in the wake of presidential funding scandals. After all, most … would ban soft money, has once again gone down in defeat. When earlier scandals erupted, an outraged public demanded … to an agency — the Federal Election Commission — that was established to publicize that information.  Scandal, by …
100 and 10 US dollars banknotes.

Inflation — Fighting the Last War

… You know the old cliché about generals going into battle:  They are … to higher interest rates [and] serious inflation.”   There was nothing particularly remarkable about that statement. … began to rise.  Yet inflation remained remarkably low.  When Clinton left office, the nation had a 3.9 percent …
The Kaiser Permanente Building after the Northridge Earthquake in 1994.

California Freeways: Still Seismically Unsafe

… Three years ago, the Northridge earthquake showed us Californians that we … structural ones. The seismic retrofit program began in 1972 when the San Fernando Valley earthquake toppled dozens of … practically every freeway overpass and bridge in the state was at risk of collapse. Nothing besides gravity was holding …
University of Notre Dame's administration building.

The Catholic Voter in the Twentieth Century

… What does it mean to be a Catholic voter in the United States?   During this election year, some … such a bloc against Franklin Roosevelt. The issue at hand was Roosevelt's friendly approach to Mexico within the … anti-Catholic. This recalls the 1936 presidential campaign, when leading Catholic clergymen encouraged priests to use …
A vision for the future of the US Space Command for 2020: a space-based high-energy laser destroys a terrestrial target.

Rumsfeld May Spark Space Weapons Debate

… Throughout the 20th century, in times of peace, U.S. military … that many believed would last forever. Hence their shock when they discovered in World War I the horrors of tanks, … of “the munitions makers” of World War I, there was little public notice, let alone public discussion, of …
One of Havana's plazas without a church.

A Postcard From Havana, Cuba

… As our ship approached the Havana shoreline, I rushed to the outside deck to get my … about communist revolutions throughout the hemisphere. It wasn’t always so. After gaining independence in 1898, Cuba … of the new regime, the U.S.’s impression of Castro hardened when he took steps to nationalize U.S. corporations in Cuba, …
Dolley Madison, 1804, by Gilbert Stuart.

Women’s History and a Woman’s Subtle Power

… On the heels of Black History Month, Women’s History Month … aside a whole month to honor women seems harder to explain. When pressed, most Americans would assume that Women’s … Madison, first revealed the power of a first lady. She was the first wife of a president to command the unofficial …
a woman at a witch trial. she is wearing white and has her arms up in air with lightening bolts coming out of them. A judge, lawyer and an audience of people look on.

What was Wrong with the Judges at the Salem Witch Trials?

… While most of the books written about the Salem witch trials concern those … convicted in Salem were executed. Anyone who confessed was, paradoxically, kept alive, while those convicted who … determine and it's a type of court that was sometimes used when the regular local courts were overwhelmed. Or in this …
Sailors in formation at the Center for Information Warfare Training, Naval Air Station Pensacola Corry Station, 2019.

Will Women Join the Ranks of Esteemed Veterans?

… Iraq — and no one seems to care. Why do I say that? Because the outcry that many expected over the combat deaths of … dramatic rescue from the Iraqi doctors who cared for her was staged and filmed by the U.S. armed forces. And Lynndie … they are either masculinized or sexually out-of-control when they join the armed forces. As Kayla Williams wrote in …
WE.177A was an air-launched boosted fission weapon deployed by the UK

The Two Sides of the Nuclear Coin

… he and his fellow Republicans deserve much of the blame for their increase. Ever since the advent of the … provided the key to halting nuclear proliferation. In 1965, when the U.S. and Soviet governments worried about the … foreign minister, argued that a nonproliferation treaty was justified “only if the nuclear states regard it as a …
Flag of the Republic of Venezuela (1930-2006)

An End to Interventionism in Venezuela

… With the Dec. 3 presidential election in oil-rich Venezuela, the … has stirred up resentment left over from April 2002 when Chavez was briefly overthrown in a coup. Prior to the coup, U.S. …