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An image of Kuwait’s oil fields after they were set ablaze by retreating Iraqi soldiers during the First Gulf War

Oil Empires and Petro-Anarchies

Review of Empires and Anarchies: A History of Oil in the Middle East, by Michael Quentin Morton (London: Reaktion Books, 2017)
… through the lens of the region’s largest industry: oil.  Before taking up writing, Morton served as a lawyer for 30 … had obtained independence. Morton tracks major individuals, companies, and governments taking part in the search for … keep flowing (175-176). The Arab Spring, he argues, was the latest eruption of social unrest against a status quo of …
General Edmund Allenby entering Jerusalem on December 11, 1917. Allenby dismounted as a sign of respect for the holy city.

The Collapse of Ottoman Power

Review of The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, by Eugene Rogan (New York: Basic Books, 2015)
… vessel. The sinking of two Russian ships by a German taskforce under the command of a German admiral improbably marked the entry of … to dislodge the Ottoman defenders, and the allied force was ultimately compelled to withdraw. Shortly after the …
The Sack of Panama: Captain Morgan and The Battle for the Caribbean, by Peter Earle Book Cover

The Sack of Panama: Captain Morgan and The Battle for the Caribbean

Review of The Sack of Panama: Captain Morgan and The Battle for the Caribbean, by Peter Earle (St. Martin's Press '07, $25.95, 292 pages, ISBN #0-312-36142-4; index, source notes, bibliography, unillustrated)
… most valuable colonial possessions in an era of uncertain communications and increased European competition. It also … commission was to attack Dutch possessions and England was formally at peace with Spain, the Jamaica-based privateers … unable to recruit or equip more than several hundred men. Ultimately, Bracamonte was forced to accept Morgan's ransom …

Erasing Indigenous History, Then and Now

… culture in American culture.” —Rick Santorum, April 2021 Former Pennsylvania senator (and CNN commentator) Rick Santorum made those comments at a … such as the Gold Rush and the San Francisco 49ers NFL team. Another example, in 1889 the “Indian Territory,” which …
A rendering of the Battle of Fort Pillow, also known as the Fort Pillow Massacre, which was fought on April 12, 1864 in Tennessee.  It ended with a massacre by Confederate soldiers of at least one hundred surrendered black troops serving the Union, exemplifying one of the Civil War's transgressions of the norms of warfare.

The American Civil War, Then and Now

Review of The War that Forged a Nation: Why the Civil War Still Matters, by James McPherson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
Coming to terms with the American Civil War is no easy task. … about many of the war's other legacies, including a transformed federal government, a shift away from an agricultural … temporal and spatial context out of which the Civil War ultimately grew. When war finally came, was it a just war? …
Neil Armstrong stands by the Lunar Module "Eagle" during the first walk on the moon in 1969.

Fly Me to the Moon

… those listening back home on Earth: “That’s one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.” That Armstrong … Taskforce on February 1, 2016. That achievement has since become a benchmark in American culture. The expression “if we … well before Neil Armstrong ever set foot on the surface. Ultimately, the moonshot was a product of its time, and …
Radio World's Fair in 1926.

“Black Tuesday” After 70 Years

… the words “The End” on a popular, long-running American comedy named “The Roaring Twenties: The New Era of Eternal … In his inaugural address less than twenty months before, Herbert Hoover had proclaimed that the final victory … and nineties are billowing consumer debt and soaring stock prices. Surely the most troubling parallel, though, is the …
the monument of the Soviet army in Sofia, completed in 1954

11/4/2014: Empty Fountains: Communist-Era Monuments Revisited

… What is the afterlife of an old communist statue? Just what to do with all the Soviet-era … of how the monuments have been dealt with across the former “Soviet bloc:” some blown up or knocked down, others … altogether. Its chaotic, uncoordinated, un-discussed, and ultimately uneventful removal in 1999, which took four …
Bande dessinée par Ali Delim pour marquer la vingtième anniversaire de la mort de Saïd Mekbel

1/30/2015: Les dangers d'être humoriste: Charlie Hebdo n’est pas le seul

… Hebdo a suscité une recherche profonde pour découvrir comment les hommes armés sont venus à être si irrités par … avec des conséquences mortelles leur colère envers des comiques dont le travail a été jugé blasphématoire ou opposé … les militants des groupes armés divers se réclamant d’une forme plus « vraie » de l'Islam ont tué trois humoristes : …

Ideology or Ethnicity? The Israeli Political Crisis

… the Supreme Court and amidst growing public criticism. To compound the confusion, Benjamin “Bibi” Netanyahu, sitting … the right-wing Likud party, was indicted in November 2019 for bribery, fraud, and breach of trust. Prime Minister … in Israeli society—for example, divisions over territorial compromise with the Palestinians; divisions between Jews and …
A displaced woman sits on a bed next to the remnants of her burnt house in Khor Abeche, South Darfur, 2014. UN Photo/Albert Gonzalez Farran, UNAMID

Sahelian Arabs and their Role in the Sudan War

… broke out between the  paramilitary militia Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) in 2023.  … RSF as terrorists. Yasir al-Atta, the Sudanese army deputy commander, said in an interview on August 3, 2024, that the … the border into West Darfur.  The Arabs told an assessment team of the UNHCR they were fleeing attacks by Chadian …
Logo of General Motors.svg

The Federal Government Should Hold On To General Motors

… giant. They claim that the government’s sell-off is good for GM and for the government, and it is the “American” … in spring 2009. What was then the world’s largest auto company had been hemorrhaging money for years, losing an … States, consumers care more about quality, features, and price than about the parent company’s ownership structure.   …
Person on horseback faces line of police and military vehicles

Native Sovereignty and the Dakota Access Pipeline

… of Native American treaties, resistance, and protests. For more on the Standing Rock protests, see Origins' article, " Treaties and Sovereign Performances, from Westphalia to Standing Rock ." ( Image … of South Dakota in the claims commission proceedings. They ultimately had to go to federal to other federal courts and …
A map of northern Ireland

Ending the War in Northern Ireland

… is over. There will be celebrations, and peace will be welcomed by the ordinary people of Ulster. But as the great … a final, bloody act of the war has yet to be played out. For there are some who do not want the thirty-year war … former IRA comrades followed, with Collins’s pro-treaty IRA ultimately victorious. Gerry Adams and the other …
Depiction of the Battle of Bosworth Field by the eighteenth-century painter, Philip James de Loutherbourg.

The Battle of Bosworth Field

… out the now immortal line: “A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!” Unfortunately, not much is documented about the battle, and … then, with Richard’s demise and the rise of the Tudors ultimately reflects a desire to understand why Richard …
Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect, by Charles Thorpe Book Cover

Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect

Review of Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect, by Charles Thorpe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006)
… I am become death, the shatterer of worlds. J. Robert Oppenheimer … to violence, a core idea of the Enlightenment, would forever be upset by the onset of the nuclear age. The … helped to forge Oppenheimer into the leader that he ultimately became. An unlikely candidate to lead the …
President George W. Bush delivers his remarks on the global war on terror during a visit Thursday, Sept. 7, 2006, to Atlanta

War and “The Law of Unintended Consequences”

… his determination to smoke out the villains responsible for the terrible assaults of Sept. 11 as well as other … advocated by Secretary of State Colin Powell? Or will war come in the form of numerous military strikes that engage … murder. And, of course, the president did not expect that ultimately American intervention would undermine rather than …
soldiers in Iraq

Can Iraq Learn to Live in Peace?

… Previous inspections for WMD in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq failed because the Iraqis … the inspectors were too few and too weakly supported to overcome Iraqi resistance. But even if the inspections had … treaty in 1936. International reaction was mixed but ultimately limited to a few harsh words. The United States …
Whig cartoon showing the effects of unemployment on a family that has portraits of Democratic Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren on the wall.

The Bank Crisis Blame Game, Then and Now

… in the past, faced a situation closer to today’s mess: forgotten Martin Van Buren. When Martin Van Buren placed his … our mess won’t solve our own. The causes of any panic are complex. Who we choose to blame determines the solutions we … complex financial instruments and soaring commodity prices shared the blame as a shocked nation responded to …
Lady Bird Johnson in the Texas Hill Country.

The Power of the Pedestal

… of all classes and races know a lady when we see one. She combines a highly attuned sense of others’ needs with an … First Lady, made this part of the role her own. Long known for “softening” her rough-and-tumble Texas husband in the … hands, she carried messages of reassurance, reproach and, ultimately, faith. To her sister and fellow southerners, the …
Royal Irish Rifles in foxhole at Battle of the Somme, 1916

Legacies of the Great War

… of U.S. entry into World War I. But, as the world commemorates the centennial of the war, U.S. events have … versus the United States, and what legacies might we be forgetting? In this episode of History Talk, we speak to … us to learn why World War I is remembered so differently in combatant countries, what the war's most important …
Wedding rings.

Getting Government Out of Marriage, and Vice Versa

… hallowed. Those claiming to defend traditional marriage forget what those traditions were. One revered form of … so that all Jews could go back to biblical ways. The Ten Commandments are mute about gay marriage. Males in a … ways. Although not the Massachusetts ruling, that might ultimately lower current passions. It would completely …