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Image of Pluto from NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft taken on July 13, 2015.

Discovering Pluto

… and mathematical calculations.  Initially, he focused on comet and meteor predictions, but he later turned to … at Lowell Observatory in February 1929. Under the guidance of observatory director V. M. Slipher, Clyde Tombaugh, … after the Roman god of the underworld. Its symbol, a combination of its first two letters, P and L, were also …
World War II poster of American, British, Chinese, and Russian soldiers shaking hands.

Patrick Buchanan’s Forebears

… he could have destroyed the Soviet Union. For Buchanan, Communism, with its rejection of free enterprise and foreign … the COMMON SENSE of the Cold War period. It lingers today. Following a logic similar to Buchanan’s, British Prime … One of these influential isolationists was Martin Dies, the Texas congressman who chaired the House Unamerican …
President George Bush signing deregulation papers with gas company employees looking on

Texas, Enron, and Energy Monopolies

… hanging off ceiling fans and stories of families going days without power as the Lone Star State’s electricity … least some of the blame can go to the now-disgraced energy company, Enron, and its misuse of long-held American … images of the financial slight of hand that ruined the company in 2001. But before that point, both Ken Lay and …
Poster from a 2020 pro-choice rally that says, "If my uterus had a gun, would I have more rights?"

Theater of Cruelty

… “Today’s decision is alarming,” wrote Justice Ruth Bader … right. However, even this discussion of pregnancy did not come close to the corporeal character of Kennedy’s language … the limits of what reasoned discourse can represent. An audience has to be brutally stimulated — shocked by savage …
Richard and Mildred Loving in June, 1967.

At the Movies: "The Loving Cup"

… from North Carolina to Texas, from West Virginia to Florida. The statutes were protected by a diabolical 19 th … Loving v. Virginia , the most pertinent film is Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner? (1968), which features a stirring defense … “It’s all God’s law. He made a sparrow a sparrow and a robin a robin. They’re different for a reason.” In response, …
PPI Drug Testing by Cambodia, PPI Network, CC BY 2.0, Flickr

Pro Sports Can Run, But They Can’t Hide

… The chair of the House Government Reform Committee, Tom Davis, House Democrat Henry Waxman and Senate Republican … benefited from exemptions to the anti-trust laws, subsidies for stadium construction and an assortment of federal …
This painting, which dates from 1859, reimagines the toppling of the equestrian statue of George III in New York City. Erected in 1770, the statue featured the regent garbed in Roman military regalia on horseback, in the fashion of Marcus Aurelius. It is doubtful that Native Americans, women and children were in attendance at this episode of iconoclasm by the Sons of Liberty.

Ten Memorable Monument Takedowns in History

Dateline: Charlottesville, Virginia, August, 2017. The … that of Nero’s by Vitellius. Damnatio memoriae was most common after regime change. Note however, that the names of … Iconoclasm was outlawed. The restoration of icons is commemorated today as the “Feast of Orthodoxy.” 3. A Papal …
A Memorial to the "Forgotten War" of Korea with the insignias of the United States Uniformed Services ringed around it.

Forgotten War, Tragic Peace

… a battle fought here at home. The advocates of containing communism clearly defeated those led by General Douglas … it had stopped the enemy from winning. In the newly ascendant policy of containment, victory did not mean eliminating … or conquest. Ira Chernus is a professor of religious studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder and a writer …
Glacial ice on Lake Baikal

Climate Change and Human Life

… in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system." On … past—and what these historical processes of climate adaptation and survival tell us about humanity's prospects today. … in the last five years is how much major decision-making bodies, sadly, non-democratic decision-making bodies, have …
President Edelmiro Farrell (left) and the Vice President and Colonel Juan Perón, in April 1945.

Argentina’s Day of Loyalty and the Birth of Peronism

… began marching toward the Plaza de Mayo and the Casa Rosada, the home of the executive branch. The military … became known as Peronism and the Justicialist Party embodied it. Perón’s program “New Argentina,” advocating social … for nothing less than a total redefinition of the social compact. Peronism permeated and penetrated all aspects of …
Suffragists with signs: "Votes for Women"

The Myth of the Women's Voting Bloc (Prologued, Season 1, Trailer)

… which we live. Current events, however dire or exciting or complicated they may be, have been made by history. They … us adrift from the past actions that brought us to today and ill-prepared to solve the problems we now face. With … Oranjudio. Song and Band information can be found on our website and we encourage our listeners to visit episode …
Cover of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920 by Dorothy Ann Pettit and Janice Bailie.

Before There Was Swine Flu

Review of A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920, by Dorothy A. Pettit and Janice Bailie (Timberlane Books, 2008)
… was upgrading the recent outbreak of H1N1 influenza, more commonly known as "swine flu," to a global pandemic. … severity of the disease, the announcement is understandably worrying. The world has not experienced a full-blown … young adults, those between 18 and 40, were most likely to die of influenza. The greatest strength of this book is the …
Barry Faulkner's mural, "The Constitution," depicts the framers of the U.S. Constitution.

Term Limits: Thank Goodness We Didn’t Have Them in 1787

… career began in 1775, when he was elected to the local committee of safety and then to the Virginia Convention, … as well as a term in the U.S. House of Representatives and died while serving in the U.S. Senate. Under a term limits … or the Senate at crucial times. Other great legislators — Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, John C. Calhoun of South …

A New View of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: From Needs and Narratives to Negotiation

… Political administrations have changed and negotiators have come and gone but the conflict between Israelis and … in mutually exclusive terms—only when the other side’s fundamental needs are met can its own be fulfilled. Traditional … House handshake between Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, affirming the Oslo …

The Fate of the Kurds

… related to Persian. In the largely mountainous region that comprises their homeland, over the centuries Kurds practiced … Kurdish leaders were largely exempt from taxation. A medieval castle in northeast Syria once known as Hisn al-Akrād … posed, read the 12 th point of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points as support for their independence. Indeed, the Treaty …
Illustration of Adam and Eve.

Changing the Constitution to Protect Adam and Eve?

… States. Subsequent experience with constitutionally mandated sobriety showed the folly of writing marginal social … on local governance in hundreds of ways, from regulating bingo games in the town of Jasper to providing for the compensation of the Judge of Probate in Barbour County. As a …

Singapore at Fifty

… From a meagre population of 150 when the British East India Company first set up a factory and trading post on the … Seeking answers to these questions, sociologists have studied Singapore’s demographic policies, social control … transactions were facilitated by the use of Chinese copper coins. Chinese currency facilitated trade not just with …

A New World Order? Africa and China

… On one hand, huge new markets have opened to American companies; on the other, Chinese producers have created … in a 2006 editorial, “Almost every African country today bears examples of China’s emerging presence, from oil … is re-colonizing Africa. Let’s see what colonialism is—grabbing resources with violence, enslaving African people, …
The Battle of Culloden by David Morier

Top Ten Origins: Scotland and the United Kingdom

… it remains a part of the United Kingdom or separates to become an independent state.  As the prospect of an … One Head     In 1603, Elizabeth I of England and Ireland died. Her successor, James Stuart VI, King of Scotland, … dynasty succeeded to the throne in 1714.   4. The Darien Scheme: A Colonial Disaster     Scotland’s one …
An MP looking north from South Korea in the Demilitarized Zone, 2008.

The War That Never Ended: The Legacy of the Korean War

… forces, however, the South Korean military repelled the Communist attack and eventually pushed them north of the … Korea than during the entire span of the  Vietnam War . Today North Koreans remember the brutal U.S. air bombardment … greatly assisted the fledgling KPA. Mao Zedong’s own son died during the conflict. Soviet leader  Joseph Stalin , …
1942 photo of an American flag.

The Changing Symbolism of Old Glory

… long emphasized its social diversity over its unity. Flag Day, which we celebrate on June 14, reminds us that we began … Although the United States has often wavered from that commitment, the tragic events of Sept. 11 compel us to … at the request of George Washington. But neither of these points is certain.  What we do know is that the United …
Booker T. Washington

Picturing Black History

… Ahern | Director of Archive Photography for Getty Images Dawn Chitty, (Ed.D.) | Director of Education at the African American Civil War Museum Daniela Edmeier (Moderator) | Ph.D. Candidate History, Ohio State, and Managing Editor of Picturing … for me, are about perspective. There are different viewpoints to the past, depending on the person. It doesn't …
North Korea's prime minister Kim Il-sung and China's premier Zhou Enlai tour Beijing in 1958.

China Holds the Key to the North Korea Problem

… As the international community struggles to respond effectively to the missile … the United Nations was originally designed explains why, today, China alone has the leverage needed to quell North … intentions of its founder’s to allow each great power a comprehensive veto over any international action that might …