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A refrigerator advertisement in The Ladies Home Journal, 1948.

The Feminine Mystique

… magazine. She went on to Smith College, where she studied psychology and completed a year of graduate work at the University of … The Fountain of Age in 1993 as well as two memoirs. She died on her 85th birthday in 2006.   Despite Friedan’s …
Cover of Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, by Benjamin R. Foster and Karen Polinger Foster.

Babylon Revisited

Review of Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, by Benjamin R. Foster and Karen Polinger Foster (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. pp. xii, 297)
… some ten thousand years ago to the seventh century of the common era. They tell the stories of successive … known to us) with nearly 1,900 characters utilized for communication. Here, too, the first art-historical … 883-859) provides the first evidence we have for the pork dietary proscription in this region of the world. Among its …
Abraham Lincoln

Top Ten Origins: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

… a strong hold on the imagination of the American public. To commemorate “Honest Abe,” Origins offers ten of the most … since the murderer proclaimed his identity to a stunned audience in Ford’s Theatre. Non-academic writers have … interest in the President’s life. Maybe it is just a coincidence that this burst of scholarship began in an age …

Fear and Loathing Around the World: The Rise of the New Populism

… the White House Correspondents’ Dinner, delivering sharp comic material about his recently released long-form birth … message needed to be more welcoming to younger, non-white audiences, particularly on issues of immigration and social … one of the major party coalitions for the foreseeable future, however. Identity politics may well be less coded …
dollar bill with image of capitol building in front of it

Deeper Than the “Deep State”: Follow the Money

… a year into Trump’s second term, his own supporters have become suspicious that even his Justice Department has joined … threat to the government but as the government itself, embodied in administrators, supported by the Democratic Party, … light our way about choices for next steps. The immediate future belongs to the Republicans in power and presenting a …
Secretary of State John Kerry continued his meetings in Lausanne with Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif. Under Secretary Wendy Sherman and Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz are participating in the meetings.

Iran’s Nuclear Diplomacy

… have met periodically in Vienna in an attempt to accomplish what was long considered a near-impossible task. … that period.” Accordingly, “before America considers its future relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran,” … in Iran—who was effectively inspiring Iranian soldiers fighting in the war. Those soldiers, the article …
Cover of Rivers and the Power of Ancient Rome by Brian Campbell

Rome's Wondrous Rivers

Review of Rivers and the Power of Ancient Rome, by Brian Campbell (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012)
… religious aura of rivers enhanced the status of riverine communities” (31). Rivers were ascribed human qualities and … the “cleansing force of running water” and this was “combined with [the] recognition of aquatic healing power … flora, fauna, hydrology, and geology) affect present and future human lifeways? The author is unfortunately not …

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the Ghosts of Ned Ludd

… (1803-1815) prompted Parliament to divert thousands of soldiers in a heavy-handed crackdown on Luddite rebellion. … paranoia. His personal manifesto Industrial Society and its Future (1995) contained no mention of the Luddites or their … painfully apparent, often ironically so. Surely it is no coincidence that English counties such as Yorkshire, …
Cerro Rico of Potosí, c.1603. Courtesy Hispanic Society of America

“Mountains of Water:” The Great 1626 Potosí Flood

… structures made from this earthen material were common throughout the Andes, and they were generally … us more about misplaced aspirations and their effect on future generations. Learn More: Aguilar, Julio. "A Thirsty … Espinosa, Antonio. Compendium and Description of the West Indies. trans. Charles Upton Clark. Washington, DC: …
Robert Smalls pictured between 1870-1880.

The Remarkable Life of Robert Smalls

… the state of Confederate fortifications there. Union Naval commanders acted quickly and successfully on this … the Planter , making him one of the highest paid Black soldiers of the war. His reputation was further burnished … institutions in order to tell his story and help enlist soldiers for the war. The end of the conflict and its immediate …
An influenza hospital at Camp Funston

The 1918 Flu Pandemic

… in Kansas where few noticed the signs of the pandemic to come amid the ongoing war. On March 4, 1918 company cook … men were gathered for basic training. Within days, 522 soldiers reported sick and by the end of the month 1,100 … the etiology of influenza with the goal of preventing a future pandemic. Between 1935 and the early 1960s the …
Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980.

The WHO and the Eradication of Smallpox

… was the result of a decades-long global program involving complex geopolitical cooperation, human ingenuity, and … States and the Soviet Union worked together towards a common purpose: combating smallpox in 43 countries with a … she was diagnosed with  variola major on August 20; she died on September 11 and became smallpox’s final victim.  In …
Refugees crowded emergency trains leaving to India or Pakistan c. 1947-1953

India-Pakistan Partition

… Yet alongside the victories of independence came the tragedies of partition, whereby British-ruled India was divided … into two separate, independent states. The violence that accompanied partition, which led to the death of up to a … were created, and to imagine more hopeful collective futures. To learn more about oral history stories from 1947, …
Flag of Israel with landscape of Israel in the background

Leaving Zion: Jewish Emigration from Palestine and Israel after World War II

… world. Ori Yehudai is the Schottenstein Chair in Israel Studies and Assistant Professor in the Department of History at … is the Saul and Sonia Schottenstein Chair in Israel Studies and assistant professor in the Department of History at … and from other places in Europe, they did not see their future in the Jewish state. And after various time periods …

Good Guys and Bad Guys with Guns: Gun Control in Canada and the U.S.

… Vickers, the man responsible for security at the House of Commons, with taking down the gunman. Commentators not … only intended to prevent the government from disarming soldiers. Yet the body was unable to pass any new laws to … great American gun debate. A Look Forward Predicting the future is tricky business, especially since history can …
A Soviet junior political officer urges Soviet troops forward against German positions, 1942

Operation Barbarossa

… and the simultaneous purges, officers were rushed into commission; in 1941, only half had completed any formal … the annihilation of hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers. The Soviet Union suffered an average of 46,000 … population and a staggering 16 percent of the USSR’s would die , mostly in the titanic struggle between Hitler and …
The defendants in the dock at the International Military Tribunal. They were organized in the dock according to the importance of their positions in the Nazi leadership.

The Nuremberg Judgment

… alternate judge John Parker, French judge Henri Donnedieu de Vabres, French alternate judge Robert Falco. As the … from its worst impulses—how to create a new international community based on “respect for the human person” and belief … event. The judgment would surely have implications for the future of international law. But what were they? How would …

Syria's Islamic Movement and the 2011-12 Uprising

… population walked out of the Istanbul meeting as well, complaining that the SNC had no intention of setting up a … the proposed Transitional Authority in Syria, evoked the medieval Islamic ceremony of swearing public allegiance to the … that their interests would be accorded greater attention in future. Syria in the Context of the Arab Spring Islamist …

The Summer of ’10: Federal Power, Local Autonomy, and the Struggle over Immigration Policy

… Mexican-American Legal Defense Fund and others had already commenced litigation. As summarized by the United States in … population; 2) expanded but not unlimited opportunities for future, lawful immigration, both to reunify families and … center of public opinion: some legalization, some enhanced "future flows," and meaningful enforcement of laws capable of …
The Works Progress Administration employed some Spanish-Americans from New Mexico, as seen here, to work in road gangs.

When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America

Review of When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America , by Ira Katznelson (W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2005), preface, appendix, index, 238 pp.
… When Affirmative Action Was White concludes with the recommendation that contemporary American policymakers deal … action. Relying heavily on Johnson's 1965 Howard University Commencement Address, the author posits that the 37th … over affirmative action will diminish in the near future. When Affirmative Action Was White offers much for …
Ivan Aivazovsky, a Native of Feodosia, Crimea, is known as one of Russia's greatest painters, and one of the world's best at seascapes. The Battle of Sinop (Russian and Turkish Navies), 1853

Top Ten Origins: Stories from Crimea

… The Crimea that most people have come to know is a peninsula occupied by Russian forces, … Crimea to Russia, as the ancient site where, according to medieval Russian documents, Prince Vladimir “the Baptist” … the modern nursing profession while serving British soldiers. 6. The Russian Riviera The Hotel Rossiia was the most …

Re-mapping American Politics: The Redistricting Revolution Fifty Years Later

… thereby over-ruling earlier decisions that courts were not competent to decide such political questions. Two years … that balance shifted somewhat. If Southern blacks in the future were to gain greater access to the ballot, … differ somewhat between federal and state legislative bodies, but the basic rules (reapportion after every census …