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Mary Mallon in a hospital bed in 1907.

Who Was Typhoid Mary?

… of her feces.  Mallon had reacted by waving a large kitchen fork at them and fleeing out the back door to her current … tested and found to be full of typhoid bacilli.  Mallon had committed no crime. She had been unaware of her carrier … infectious disease should be able to limit the personal freedoms of people who are contagious. Learn More: Ashurst, …
a can of Spaghetti-Os

Spaghetti in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

… The SpaghettiO is now a strangely timeless icon. Looking for a way to make canned pasta more exciting, Goerke … every piece was in place for this circular pasta to become a staple of the American diet. By 2010, over 150 … joined by raw foodists, locavores, slow foodies, and gluten free-ers. In equal numbers, Americans seem to mock and avow …

Frenemies: Iran and America since 1900

… the ruling elite cracked down instinctively with brutal force. Unlike Libya's Muammar Qaddafi, however, Ahmadinejad … relations between the United States and Iran have been complicated and edgy as long as anyone can remember. … with local police outside the White House during the Shah's visit to Washington in late October, Carter took his guest …
Cerro Rico of Potosí, c.1603. Courtesy Hispanic Society of America

“Mountains of Water:” The Great 1626 Potosí Flood

… Pacific surface temperature cycles and the Little Ice Age , forced expansion of the reservoir catchment area. Notably, … structures made from this earthen material were common throughout the Andes, and they were generally … The great “machine” of Potosí, as seventeenth-century visitors called it, was powered by seasonal precipitation, …
Vaccination team member giving a cholera vaccine in Cerca Carvajal, 2013.

Cholera and the Roots of Public Health

… infects between 1.3 and 4 million people and is responsible for between 21,000 and 143,000 deaths annually worldwide, … the poor’s living conditions. In Great Britain, Poor Law Commissioner Edwin Chadwick, from the miasma school, began … However, it would take another decade (and another pandemic visitation) for this discovery to be broadly accepted. …
American soldiers land near Algiers

Torch: The Allied Invasion of French North Africa, 1942

… On November 8, 1942, American and British forces invaded beaches and ports across French North Africa. … the Axis, operation Torch constituted the biggest and most complex amphibious landing to that point in world history.  … Africa, however, was never a foregone conclusion. America’s commitment to the Allied war effort after Pearl Harbor …
 Cover of Chivalry in Medieval England by Nigel Saul

Knighthood As It Was, Not As We Wish It Were

Review of Chivalry in Medieval England, by Nigel Saul (Harvard University Press, 416 pp, 2011, ISBN 978-0-674-06368-6)
… wished that things could just be like they used to be. A common sentiment, it is actually responsible for distorting the realities of our collective past because … only to attend the nearest Renaissance fair or turn on the latest movie depicting medieval warfare to see just how …

Hacer América and the American Dream: Global Migration and the Americas

… while other jurisdictions declared these children unwelcome. A U.S. Border Patrol poster placed around the border … Mexico. It translates: "I thought that it would be easy for my son to get papers [e.g. legal status/work rights] in … on constitutional guarantees of individual liberties and free trade forced European and American rulers and leaders …
A rhino standing on the beach

The Sixth Extinction and Our Unraveling World

… over-exploitation of resources increasingly dominate the news, there may be an even larger threat on the horizon. By … event of our own making? And if so, what will this mean for humanity and what can we do about it? Listen in as hosts … have reshaped ecosystems in the past, their consequences for animal and plant diversity, and what this may mean for
 Monte Albán

A Postcard From Oaxaca, Mexico

… civilization’s cultural, political, and economic capital for almost a millennium. Besides its stunning mountain views, Oaxaca City also offers vistas of Mexico's complex history. In 1521, Hernán Cortés sent Captain José … 1 federal elections. The ballot boxes read “The vote is free and secret.” Andrés Manual López Obrador addresses  …
a woman at a witch trial. she is wearing white and has her arms up in air with lightening bolts coming out of them. A judge, lawyer and an audience of people look on.

What was Wrong with the Judges at the Salem Witch Trials?

… who decided to accept these accusations and move the trials forward. Historians have long wondered why the judges … Speaker's Note: Matt Goldish would like to add a more complete response to one of the questions asked him after … get your questions asked and answered. Now please do feel free to reach out to Dr. Goldish to ask these questions of …
John Filo's iconic photograph of Mary Ann Vecchio kneeling over the body of Jeffrey Miller

Kent State after Fifty Years

… were killed. Nine others were wounded. With that, the forces of order in the United States had launched a shooting … antiwar movement, Black Power, and the generation gap had come even to Ohio. As the iconoclastic journalist I.F. Stone … the presence of the Guard. Some were simply curious, or had free time.” The Guardsmen were equipped with tear-gas …
Soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad

Stalingrad at 75, the Turning Point of World War II in Europe

… of the Second World War began. More than four million combatants fought in the gargantuan struggle at Stalingrad … the central plaza of Stalingrad, 1943. Fourteen months before Stalingrad began, Hitler had launched Operation … impossible; the badly wounded or sick were left outside to freeze to death, as a “mercy” to the longer death from …

The Fate of the Kurds

… justified his sudden withdrawal of U.S. military support for the Kurds in northern Syria in October 2019 with an … related to Persian. In the largely mountainous region that comprises their homeland, over the centuries Kurds practiced … to live as Kurds—to speak one’s mother tongue and to be free of obstacles to “getting ahead” based on ethnic origin. …
A makeshift influenza hospital at Camp Funston, 1918.

Top Ten Origins: Flu

… shot, but you should. On January 28, 2017 the U.S. Centers for Disease Control declared that seasonal influenza had … first used the term in English, but “influenza” was not a commonly used term in England until the 1782 pandemic. 2. … out almost simultaneously in Brest, France (August 22); Freetown, Sierra Leone (August 24); and Boston, …
Here, a bus broadcasts the anti-apartheid message to Londoners in 1989.

Inequality After Apartheid

Review of Apartheid Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit, by Hennie van Vuuren (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019)
… 1994. However foreign the apartheid era may be to the “born-frees” of South Africa today, van Vuuren argues, they must … politicians, arms dealers, and bureaucrats, among others, committed heretofore underappreciated crimes in the waning … proposal dressed up as public diplomacy” in 1985 and who visited the country the following year. When approached in …
An artist's rendering of the Tunguska event

The 1908 Tunguska Event and the Threats of Tomorrow

… No disaster scenario more challenges human hopes to overcome nature’s forces than the sudden and unpredicted strike of a giant … they wanted to determine if a guest from outer space had visited. Yet their commitment to empirical research …
Harry Beck’s London Underground Railway map, designed in 1931 and released to the public in 1933.

All Aboard!: A Train Ride through the British Twentieth Century in 100 Maps

Review of A History of the Twentieth Century in 100 Maps, by Tim Bryars and Tom Harper (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2014)
… Welcome aboard the train, British History ! In preparation for our adventure through the twentieth century, please … note, we have reached the end of the journey. Please feel free to keep the book as a token reminder of the trip. Just …
Film poster for Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995).

Top Ten Origins: Bollywood Films

… cinema is produced in several languages across the country. For example, only 300 of the roughly 2000 films produced in … were Bollywood films. In recent decades, Bollywood has become popular across the world with sizeable audiences in … a coming-of-age story of three friends who enjoy economic freedom and non-conformist love lives. The main characters …
Martin Luther King Jr. Day March at Southern Arkansas University.

Martin Luther King Jr. Day: A Holiday the Nation Resisted

… the holiday or diminished it by linking it to Confederate commemorations.  Federal recognition had finally arrived, … and sustained public pressure forced Congress to revisit an issue it avoided for more than a decade. By 1983, … are taught.  President Donald Trump’s decision to eliminate free access to national parks on MLK Day—petty as it may …
The U.S.-Economic Cooperation Administration created numerous posters to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe. This one, depicting the flags of various Western European countries receiving Marshall Plan aid, was produced in 1950.

The Marshall Plan

… into law on April 3, 1948. The Marshall Plan, as it’s more commonly known, was intended to revive the economies of … Italy, and West Germany, the program was an ambitious foreign aid effort and an unprecedented display of U.S. … However, in underscoring its accomplishments, the latest references to the Marshall Plan neglect its more …
One of the McMinnville UFO photographs. Skeptics have concluded that the UFO was a small model suspended by wires or string from the power lines visible at the top of the photo.

The Air Force Investigation into UFOs

… On December 17, 1969, the United States Air Force concluded Project Blue Book, its investigation into … investigating reports of UFOs. To this end it instituted a comprehensive study of UFOs.  This study, known as Project … Study of UFOs UFO Study: Condon Group Finds No Evidence of Visits from Outer Space …