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European Union flag fluttering in the wind.

Europe Already Has a Working Constitution

… than the earlier treaties that produced today’s European Union (EU). In fact, the constitution failed in part because … currency is governed by a European board, beyond direct national control. An EU supreme court sometimes does battle … Europe closest to political unity. Threats from Stalin’s Soviet Union pushed six countries to sign up for a unified …

The Dominican Republic and the United States: A Baseball History

… of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.” This policy was first executed to … and often beat, groups of Marines. This period sparked a national craze for baseball. Once the last U.S. troops left … the Marine Honor Guard shortly after his arrival at Union Station in Washington D.C. on July 6, 1939. By 1937, …

Kosovo's Year Zero: Between a Balkan Past and a European Future

… enormous legal problem that put at risk the future of international law as we know it. For these writers, the … Serbia positioned itself with Europe and the European Union, many EU politicians undoubtedly expected Serbia to … yet fully external obstacle to Serbia's road to joining the Union. However, the conspiracy accomplished its goals: EU …
The new Terrorism Confinement Center in El Salvador, which opened in February 2023, was built to detain thousands suspected gang members.

Marching Back to the Past: Militarism in El Salvador

… and violence.  While President Nayib Bukele and the National Police reported very few homicides during these … campesinos to help form labor organizations such as the Union of Rural Workers ( Union de Trabajadores Campesinos , UTC) in 1974 in …

A Fresh Start for Pakistan?

… to produce the first constitution and even longer to hold national elections. Debates raged over whether Pakistan … plotting a coup. The government then cracked down on trade unions and several prominent writers. A few months later, … two of a series of alliances designed to contain the Soviet Union. India, a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement, …
Flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

NATO Expansion in Eastern Europe: For What and For Whom?

… led and funded by the United States, to contain/encircle Soviet and Communist power in Eastern Europe, prevent … commitment to fight abroad as part of a coordinated multinational alliance and a major user of the multi-trillion … to do with the topsy-turvy world of 1997, when the Soviet Union and its allies are no more, and the most …
lab tech with vaccine

Vaccines and Responsible Parenthood

Review of Vaccine Nation: America’s Changing Relationship with Immunization, by Elena Conis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014)
… health (20). Vaccination also played into concerns about national security : improving the health of American … … Public Health, Disease, and Medicine … Global/Transnational … Science & Technology … Vaccines and Responsible …
Robert Smalls and C.S.S. Planter

The Remarkable Life of Robert Smalls

Robert Smalls' leadership and courage made him important to the Union war effort and, afterwards, one of the most influential Black political leaders of the 19th century.
… harbor, past Confederate fortifications, and to the Union fleet blockading the city. The architect of this … and courage would go on to make him important to the Union war effort and, afterwards, one of the most … Smalls' leadership and courage made him important to the Union war effort and, afterwards, one of the most …

A New World Order? Africa and China

… the starting point. Many attendees were young African nationalists whose core agenda was eradicating colonialism … world. Although a communist nation, China declared both the Soviet Union and the U.S.-led Western powers neo-colonialists. …
President Carter shakes hands with General Torrijos of Panama after signing the Panama Canal Treaty

The Missing "Third" of the Third World

Review of Latin America and the Global Cold War, by Thomas C. Field, Jr., Stella Krepp, and Vanni Pettinà (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2020)
… of how the geopolitical atmosphere dominated by the U.S.-Soviet rivalry shaped the decolonization and radicalization … and the Global Cold War (2020). The “fruit of a multinational, multilingual effort by fifteen scholars,” this … and 1970s while also seeking economic ties with the Soviet Union. Part I, entitled “Third World Nationalism,” focuses …
1942 photo of an American flag.

The Changing Symbolism of Old Glory

… States be thirteen stripes alternate red and white and the union be thirteen stars in a blue field, representing a new … to replace the first American flag, known as the Great Union Flag (seven red and six white stripes with the British … and South America. There, the United States impeded nationalist movements and established lucrative markets …
President Ronald Reagan during an interview in 1988.

Marking a Tragic Anniversary

… PATCO debacle, for President Reagan’s unprecedented act of union-busting critically weakened the one entity best … inequality in the United States: organized labor. American unions have endured many heartbreaking losses in their … But not since the infamous 1892 Homestead strike undermined unionism in the emerging mass production industries has any …
John Filo's iconic photograph of Mary Ann Vecchio kneeling over the body of Jeffrey Miller

Kent State after Fifty Years

… Just past noon on Monday May 4, 1970, a squadron of Ohio National Guardsmen opened fire at a loose collection of … body of Jeffrey Miller moments after he was shot by Ohio National Guardsmen at Kent State University on May 4, 1970. … effort to impose rules for their own sake. Because of the national uproar over Cambodia—hundreds of college campuses …
National Memorial for Peace and Justice exhibit, Montgomery AL

Confederates and Lynching in American Public Memory

… This year, the National Memorial for Peace and Justice—the nation’s first … they actually went against...they tried to break up the Union, right? That, in and of itself, is enough and ought to … couple of places in Eastern Europe and what used to be the Soviet Union, where all of these statues of Lenin, Marx, …
Headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Austria.

Contradictions in Atomic Agency’s Mandate

… the realm of politics for the technical domain of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The previous week, … the realm of politics for the technical domain of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The previous week, … light-water reactors. Back then, Canadian, French, Soviet and British reactors all used another form of …
India and Pakistan highlighted on a map.

“Open Skies” for India and Pakistan?

… President Eisenhower presented a diplomatic surprise to the Soviet Union. Why not allow both the Americans and Soviets to fly … Osama bin Laden himself, are in that area. For the international community to finish off al-Qaida, uninterrupted …
Image reading "there is no news tonight"

“No News Day” at the BBC

… an uneventful day. Most serious for the British, Indian nationalist rebels , led by Surya Sen, had attacked the … of the BBC. Reith believed broadcasting could contribute to national unity and cultural uplift. Pivotal to this … service and wanted to transform the BBC into a respected national institution. This meant emphasizing quality over …
Hitler with politicians

The Nazis Take Poland and the Start of World War II

… especially after the rise to power of Adolph Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers Party, the Nazis, in 1932. … Pact, between Germany and its ideological arch-nemesis, the Soviet Union, on August 23, 1939. In a secret annex to the treaty, …
Advertisement of an upcoming land sale by the United States Department of the Interior in 1911. The Interior Department published many similar advertisements to encourage white settlers to purchase "excess" reservation lands.

The Dawes Act

… United States had been admitted as states into the Union. Tribal governments had been diminished. Boarding …
Women at desk marked "Learn to Vote"

So...what now? (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 4)

… August of 1920, the 19th Amendment marked victory from the National American Woman's Suffrage Association and the … worker, and then a factory worker, and finally a trade union leader before being appointed as the first director of … sex discrimination. However, like many of the women's labor unions, they were immediately concerned with preserving …
The logo of Solidarność painted on an overturned Soviet era T-55 in Prague in 1990

Poland Takes Charge of Its Own Revolution

Review of Empowering Revolution: America, Poland, and the End of the Cold War, by Gregory F. Domber (The University of North Carolina Press, 2014)
… countries to forge ahead with their efforts to remove their Soviet-led communist parties from power, a process that … decade of tireless work by the opposition, led by the labor union Solidarność (Solidarity) and its chairman, Lech … they vote against—or decline to vote for in the case of the National Party lists—the Communist Party. Prior to that, …
NASA marks Earth Day’s 50th anniversary.

“Give Earth a Chance”: Earth Day and the Politics of Modern Environmentalism

… article in The New York Times , June 1969. Her words hit a national nerve. Under the headline “Mood of Campus … resort town in Southern California. On January 28, 1969, a Union Oil well burst off the coast of Santa Barbara and over … the 100 th birthday of Russian revolutionary and founder of Soviet communism Vladimir Lenin. One Georgia politician sent …

The International History of the U.S. Suffrage Movement

… of the US woman suffrage movement is usually told as a national one. It begins with the 1848 Seneca Falls … These included the World’s Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1884 by U.S. temperance leader … world, is freedom.” The red and white text of this 1932 Soviet poster reads, “The 8th of March: A day of rebellion …