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Mata Hari (1876-1917).

Top Ten Origins: Spies, Lies, and Moles: Oh My!

… spy. Since then, as this list shows, espionage became more complex and increasingly valuable. The times change, but … Townsend, along with Washington, shared a secret code to communicate that Tallmadge devised. Townsend ran a coffee … avoided detection by faking insanity. After the war, Union commanders praised the intelligence that Van Lew provided …
Stamp commemorating revolution in Iraq

Iraq's 1920 Revolution

… A commemorative 1965 Iraqi stamp marking the 45th anniversary … several strategically situated southern towns. Captured soldiers were treated leniently, even as retreating British … along sectarian lines. The legacy of the 1920 revolution points toward an Iraq that transcends external constraints …
The Rodina crew. Left to right: Polina Osipenko, Valentina Grizodubova, and Marina Raskova.

The Rodina Flight

The Remarkable Story of the Women’s Non-Stop Long-Distance Flight Record
… miles in a straight line).  Plans for the women’s flight commenced three months earlier in August 1938. Valeriy … date to late September. By the time she recovered, a state commission recommended canceling the flight due to poor … 15. Shevchenko, Nikolay, “How Three Soviet Women Nearly Died Chasing their Aviation Dream, Gateway to Russia , …

The Dominican Republic and the United States: A Baseball History

… Over the past century, baseball has become a truly global game. The sport debuted at the Olympics … on these plantations were seasonal workers from the West Indies, where cricket had been much more popular. These … Fernando Tatis Jr. , to remain relevant to those younger audiences. Still, with the sheer number of Latinx players in …

European Disunion: The Rise and Fall of a Post-War Dream?

… has been characterized by friction, contradictions, and competing visions of the goals of union. The most recent … representatives to the European Parliament. Each state appoints ministers to the Council of Ministers, the … local policy decisions remained in the hands of national bodies, many of these tensions could be debated in the …
A portrait of Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

… Memphis, a pall of shock and sadness blanketed the black community. Anguish soon turned to anger. Fearing a riot, the … by violence. And so it had to be the fire this time. A soldier standing guard following riots in Washington, D.C. … while he was alive declared the movement over when he died. A pin for the Poor People's Campaign showing Dr. …
Fourth of July celebration in Philadelphia, 1819.

The United States: Democracy or Republic?

… in the 18th century included the selflessness to put the common good above special interests. Only a few (men) could … originated in ancient Greece and Rome, reemerged among medieval Italian states and again among Dutch and Polish … been granted at the discretion of local administrative bodies. To some, especially temperance reformers, this new …
General Edmund Allenby entering Jerusalem on December 11, 1917. Allenby dismounted as a sign of respect for the holy city.

The Collapse of Ottoman Power

Review of The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, by Eugene Rogan (New York: Basic Books, 2015)
… of two Russian ships by a German taskforce under the command of a German admiral improbably marked the entry of … in the Middle East is relatively well-known. Movie-going audiences are familiar with the dashing exploits of T. E. … the materials held in the Turkish Military and Strategic Studies Archive in Ankara. The Fall of the Ottomans seeks to …
This Dutch UNPROFOR observation post in Srebrenica took heavy fire from Bosnian Serb troops in 1995.

Srebrenica and its Memory

In July 1995, in the final days of the Bosnian War, over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were killed in the Srebrenica massacre.
… legacies that acts of violence leave on individuals and communities, and the importance of remembering and … the UN peacekeeping compound in Potočari. Dutch UNPROFOR soldiers help Bosniak refugees board a jeep in July 1995. That … forces attempted to hide their crimes by reburying the bodies in secondary graves scattered across the region. Spent …
Refugees eating lunch outside the barracks.

Waiting in Limbo: Life as a Refugee in Serbia

… Swat, Pakistan, where he was pursuing a graduate degree in computer engineering. He left seven months ago because he … of other refugees who remain trapped in Serbia. Hungary completed its first razor-wire border fence in September … but for those waiting in limbo time moves slowly and hope dies fast. [All photos by author] …
illustration of woman getting cow pox variolation

Top Ten Origins: Vaccination

… vaccines and by the concerns raised by now-discredited studies that linked vaccines and autism. And as vaccination … was brought to New England by Cotton Mather and Zabdiel Boylston in 1721. Following the development of … child as a man stands outside with a cow (from the Wellcome Trust). The term vaccination comes from variolae …
Under Attlee's direction, the Labour Party's position on foreign affairs in the 1930s was somewhat inconsistent. A believer in the "collective security" represented by the League of Nations, Attlee opposed rearmament even as he pushed for firmer measures against Nazi aggression.

A Sheep in Sheep’s Clothing

Review of Clement Attlee: The Man Who Made Modern Britain, by John Bew (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017).
… – the Labour Party emerged from the 1945 election with a commanding majority in the House of Commons – Attlee achieved what no other Labour leader had … Attlee used a student’s family connections to gain a commission, despite his somewhat advanced age (he was …

From Harlem to Ferguson: LBJ's War on Crime and America's Prison Crisis

… lives or the devastation it has brought on families and communities across the nation. The historical origins of … James Baldwin, who described white officers as occupying soldiers. “Their very presence is an insult, and it would be, … World Telegraph & Sun. On July 18, two days after Powell died, a planned civil rights demonstration led to an …

Private Matter or Public Crisis? Defining and Responding to Domestic Violence

… the elevator. (Photo Credit, AP)  In late July 2014, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell also handed Rice a two game … closest to God, could use physical violence to punish disobedient wives, children, or servants. In Puritan society and … home, especially violence that was meant to control “disobedient” wives, was acceptable persisted. This idea, combined …
Artist representation of data security and privacy. Large eye peeks through an open window.

These Machines Know Too Damn Much

… narrative says technology is to blame—that after mainframe computers burst onto the scene in the middle of the … fragmented sloppily across digital tape, could never die; that the notion of an inescapable past was somehow … forced to settle for “sectoral” or patchwork policy remedies that regulated different industries such as banking or …
Crowd with sign: "Black Caucus for Chisholm"

"Earn Your Spurs" (Prologued, Season 1, Episode 7)

… as president of the NCN,W the organization deepened its commitment to the Civil Rights Movement, with Height joining … figures of both the Democratic and Republican National committees to form the National Women's Political Caucus. … deal of success, especially with the Democratic National Committee. While women made up 13% of DNC delegates in 1958, …

Time It Was: 1968 Around the World

… I’ve read about it, 1968 was quite a year. Writers have compared it to the most dramatic moments in modern history— … against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C. ( left ). A soldier standing guard in Washington, D.C. after riots … stone and concrete plaza awash with blood and to the bodies stacked in adjacent building hallways. The army …

Humans Have Always Lived in a World of Many Worlds

… and the future. Different Truths to Live By Every human community tells its own stories about the ultimate order of … 1552 work A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies . For the peoples of Abya Yala , this holocaust was not … fields, from philosophy and anthropology to science studies, biology, and quantum physics. Many would now agree …

Media and Politics in the Age of Trump

… will likely preoccupy future historians for years to come. While a number of factors contributed to his … The Republican Presidential Debates brought in record audiences. The news media’s obsession with Trump is … expansive view of the First Amendment that protected the audience’s positive right to information as much as …

Outdoing Panama: Turkey’s ‘Crazy’ Plan to Build an Istanbul Canal

… on the Bosporus—a strait crowded not only with urban commuters and pleasure craft, but Russian oil tankers … Canal, the Suez and the Corinth Canal in Greece cannot even compete!" The project outlined by Erdogan calls for a 45-50 … to formerly disparate states. The Grand Canal of China, completed in the seventh century CE, remains by far the …

Aerial Torpedoes, Buzz Bombs, and Predators: The Long Cultural History of Drones

… of the mounting controversy, the president reminded his audience that, “from the Civil War to our struggle against … us from the ravages of modern warfare, or if they will become the appliances of Orwellian control. What is remarkable … seethed that a chance V-1 hit that killed 74 American soldiers was “more like murder than war.” The drone’s …

The West without Water: What Can Past Droughts Tell Us About Tomorrow?

… are also experiencing moderate to severe drought, and this comes on the heels of a very dry decade. This long drought … we are experiencing now. Long dry stretches during the Medieval centuries (especially between 900 and 1350 CE) had … outermost rings of the tree stumps showed that these trees died approximately 4,800 years ago. Decades later, more …

The International History of the U.S. Suffrage Movement

… Ida B. Wells-Barnett with her four children in 1909. The complex international connections and strategies that … for women’s rights before a mixed-race and mixed-sex audience—embraced a diasporic vision of freedom when she asked … to the 1848 abolition of slavery in the French West Indies, opposition to the U.S. war with Mexico, and Native …