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October 23, 1983, a massive explosion ripped through the barracks of the battalion landing team (BLT) of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit at the Beirut International Airport.

Middle East Remains Unstable 30 Years after Attacks on Peacekeepers in Lebanon

… ripped through the barracks of the battalion landing team (BLT) of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit at the Beirut … to achieve stability in the Middle East in the face of complex, multi-faceted challenges. With atrocities now … the peacekeepers sought to transcend in Beirut but which ultimately engulfed them remain a fact of life in many …
Nixon shakes hands with Chinese leader Mao Zedong.

Nixon and China, Bush and Cuba?

… Fidel Castro is not exactly welcoming the new president of the United States with open … way he could dispel some of the concern about his lack of foreign policy experience, one way he could make a mark on … Richard Nixon. But Nixon surprised almost everybody by visiting China and meeting with its leaders. In many ways …
The sickle and hammer on a Soviet Union flag from the 1930s.

A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (The New Cold War History)

Review of A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (The New Cold War History) , by Vladislav Zubok (2007, University of North Carolina Press)
For fifty years the Soviet Union stood in the eyes of the … motives and the messianic revolutionary ideals of Russian communism. 2 Originating in Czarist Russia, traditional … the now-stagnant Soviet Union. It was a bold and ultimately failed effort. Gorbachev's actions wound up …
The NASA Space Shuttle Challenger launching in 1983.

Mars: A Planet Too Far?

… it backed the Apollo program despite its $23 billion price tag. The Bush administration is unlikely to find the … those in the Bush administration — could find better uses for that money on earth. Even with overwhelming … He twice attempted to escape the tremendous financial commitment by promoting a joint lunar trip by the United …
Photograph of Augusto César Sandino, taken between 1927 and 1934

The Sandino Manifesto and the Birth of the Nicaraguan Revolution

… U.S.-based corporations, most infamously the United Fruit Company, used bribery and other methods to gain the support … U.S. economic interests, their shores and harbors would be visited by U.S. warships carrying legions of hated Marines … rural-based guerrilla warfare. While Sandino’s rebels would ultimately fail in their goal of achieving …

Sudan in Crisis

… government. Yet the protests persisted until he was finally forced from office. These events join 1964 and 1985 as … Public discontent had been building for many months over price increases for bread, medicine, and fuel; breakdowns in … coexisted with Egyptian schools, missionary schools, community schools, and Sudanese private schools. In the …

American Presidential Scandals

… A tweet from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library after comparisons were made between Nixon and President Trump when … presidential sex scandals have been more salacious but ultimately less transformative of the path of American … him that suspension of gold sales would be good for crop prices; they took the additional precautions of paying …
A crowd of protesters at night in Sudan

Sudan: Popular Protests, Today and Yesterday

… of living, demonstrators soon widened their criticisms to encompass the full impact of Bashir’s three decades in power: … Henry and Eric Michael Rhodes discuss this pivotal moment for Sudan with two experts on Sudanese history and politics: … All Politics is Local: Understanding Boko Haram , Searching for Wakanda: The African Roots of the Black Panther Story , …

A New Congo Crisis?

… cult surrounding Mobutu. A crash of global copper prices in the mid-seventies also revealed the lack of … conflicts, and the disappearance of Cold War support ultimately allowed for the overthrow of the Mobutu regime by … soldiers in 2001 during U.S. Congressman Frank Wolf’s visit ( left ). Former child soldiers in Congo in the early …
Artist representation of data security and privacy. Large eye peeks through an open window.

These Machines Know Too Damn Much

… ways that few people really understand. Did you know that Team USA instructed all its athletes not to bring their … narrative says technology is to blame—that after mainframe computers burst onto the scene in the middle of the … more than the simple power seeker, could lead us to that ultimate of horrors, a humanity in chains of plastic tape.” …

A Pact with the Devil? The United States and the Fate of Modern Haiti

… dying lay beneath the rubble and remains of their homes and communities, American televangelist Pat Robertson stated … Black republic caused outrage around the world and ultimately caused Haiti to become one of the most hated and … agreed to pay the French. The French government sent a team of accountants into Haiti in order to place a value on …
Fidel Castro during a visit to Washington.

Why Economic Sanctions Often Fail

… Yet there's every reason to believe that the president's visit, even coupled with European sanctions, will not … With Bush's presidency close to an end, time is running out for concrete agreements between his administration and … to Iran in 2007. Switzerland's Swiss EGL energy trading company recently completed a forty-two billion dollar …
Cygnet, Ohio, in Wood County was a booming oil town with 13 saloons and many workers when this photo was taken in 1885.

An Energy Plan for You!

… Watch out for George W. and his gas and oil pals. They’ve got an … Dwight D. Eisenhower and Republican legislators took unbecomingly large financial contributions from the appreciative … that supply is the problem. We don’t have enough energy, so prices must go up until we remove environmental and other …
Israeli soldiers stand around their tanks during the Yom Kippur War.

The Yom Kippur War and the OPEC Oil Embargo

… heavily on Soviet support for arms and many Arab nations welcomed Soviet aid. Nixon and National Security Adviser Henry … five percent. Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Minister, Omar Saqqaf, visited America and warned the Nixon administration that an … on the United States was profound. In the early 1970s, the price of industrial commodities was already up, materials …
An Honored Medal: 1862-1896 Version of the Medal of Honor. Army Heritage Museum Collection.

Medal of Honor Upgrades Are Rare — And Should Be Rare

… Defense Secretary Leon Panetta pressuring him — as he did former secretary Robert Gates — to review the War on Terror's combat decoration recipients and upgrade some to the Medal … 32, Roy Benavidez of Cuero, Texas. In May 1968, a 12-man team came under fire by a North Vietnamese battalion and …

Refugees or Immigrants? The Migration Crisis in Europe in Historical Perspective

… threaten the cultural makeup of Europe due to the alleged incompatibility of the Islamic faith of the majority of new … saw some of the largest waves of refugees and most violent forced migrations in human history, especially as a result … as ethnic cleansing and, in the case of the removal and ultimate extermination of Jews from Europe, genocide . …
The Sherman M4-A2E8 Tank

12/3/2014: At the Movies: Fury

… War II film The film begins in April 1945, only weeks before Hitler’s suicide. As part of the 2nd Armored Division, … their way through a devastated Germany. The first major combat sequence takes place in an open field, as Collier and … wildly positive, but there was this still this incredible price the guys paid, the soldiers paid.” In important ways, …

All Politics is Local: Understanding Boko Haram

… The consensus among many academics, journalists, and commentators is that Boko Haram is an Islamist organization … from Mali, North Africa, Egypt, and the Saharan oases visited the region of West and Central Africa known as … the formation of the Sokoto Caliphate, circa 1754-1817 The ultimate goal of the reformers was to establish a state …
Glacial melt from Myrdalsjökull glacier in the south (jökull means glacier in Icelandic). Note the alluvial cones formed by volcanic ash and sediment.

A Postcard from Reykjavik: Iceland’s Volcanic History

… Humans weren’t around when volcanoes formed Iceland’s unique island landscapes some 20 million … been interwoven with human history. Although the data are incomplete, over 170 volcanic eruptions have been recorded in … of almost 10% per year since 2000. The number of annual visitors doubled between 2000 and 2010, when half a million …
A pro-union demonstration in Romania, 2009. The flag translates to "Moldova Our Sister"

Moldova and Romania: A Long and Complicated Relationship

… Anderson famously defined nationalism as an “imagined community” binding together a widespread group of people … adopting Latin and intermingling with the Roman colonists. Ultimately, attacks from outside tribes forced the Romans to … was both the first foreign leader to congratulate Sandu and visit her in Chișinău.  The two presidents have held at …
President George Bush signing deregulation papers with gas company employees looking on

Texas, Enron, and Energy Monopolies

… least some of the blame can go to the now-disgraced energy company, Enron, and its misuse of long-held American … slight of hand that ruined the company in 2001. But before that point, both Ken Lay and Enron were at the vanguard … such rhetoric, Enron’s government affairs and marketing teams were tapping into a deep current in American culture. …

Interracial Marriage in "Post-Racial" America

… fight racial prejudice through a celebration of multiracial community. The event takes its name from the 1967 Supreme … their hometown. After being arrested again in 1963 while visiting relatives in Virginia, Mildred Loving wrote … 1924 mockingly “guaranteeing” a person’s racial “purity." Ultimately, county clerks served as the front line in …