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Mosaics from the apse in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna. Justinian is the figure in the center. The mosaics were completed in 547 CE.

The Justinianic Plague

… The “Justinianic Plague” is the popular name for a pandemic of bubonic plague in the Late Roman or Byzantine Empire, which first … years, ending ca. 750 CE. We call it the “Justinianic” plague because the first outbreak corresponds with the reign …
The port of İzmir, pictured here in 1883, was an Ottoman quarantine station.

Pandemics in Ottoman History: Plague, Cholera, and Influenza

… of the Ottoman Empire’s experience with pandemics of plague , cholera , and influenza . Plague Early Ottoman expansion beyond northwest Anatolia, … during the early fourteenth century as part of the Second Plague Pandemic. Whether the Black Death facilitated early …
Engraving of Roman plague doctor, Schnabel c.1656.

Quarantino: Plague and the Origins of Social Distancing

… as a response to epidemics first emerged during the many plague outbreaks in Europe during the 14 th century and were … to surgeons and university-trained physicians—faced the plague utterly unprepared to treat it. Doctors resorted to … for up to a decade before use. It was discovered during the plague outbreak in 1361 that bursting buboes with a poker …
A makeshift hospital in Iowa during the 1918 flu pandemic

Pandemics: Past, Present, Future

… From Plague to Influenza and HIV, learn about the history of … four time periods. And for those keeping score at home, the plagues the plagues are both bacterial while influenza and HIV are like …
Pieter Bruegel the Elder's 1562 painting "The Triumph of Death" depicts the turmoil Europe experienced as a result of the plague.

The Black Death and its Aftermath

… The Black Death was the second pandemic of bubonic plague and the most devastating pandemic in world history. It was a descendant of the ancient plague that had afflicted Rome, from 541 to 549 CE, during the time of emperor Justinian. The bubonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis , persisted …

Pandemics: Today and Yesterday

… evolution. These microbes have assumed many forms, from plague , influenza , and HIV to cholera, smallpox, polio, … a disease in people who were otherwise in good health: the Plague of Athens (430-426 BCE). The disease, he wrote, … Greek world from across the Mediterranean in North Africa. "Plague in an Ancient City" (1652-1654) by Michiel Sweerts …
Cover of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther's World and Legacy by Lyndal Roper.

The Legacy of Luther

Review of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther’s World and Legacy, by Lyndal Roper (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021)
… and academic biography. Lyndal Roper’s Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther’s World and Legacy grapples with … reading into their meanings. Chapter 5 “Living I Was Your Plague” deals with Luther’s dying words and his ferocious … “product of their times.” … Review of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther’s World and Legacy , by Lyndal Roper …
A COVID-19 antigen testing center in Warora, Maharashtra, India.

The Deep Roots of India’s COVID-19 Crisis

… disease, including of malaria, cholera , influenza , and plague . Interior of a temporary hospital for plague victims in Bombay, 1896-1897. For instance, the bubonic plague, which arrived in India in 1896 on the heels of a …
Employees operating a testing center at the Walmart Supercenter in Elizabethville, PA, August, 2020.

Licenses to Ill: Health Passes and Surveillance

… and Venice put in place systems to diagnose and isolate plague victims as well as monitor contacts . Physicians … “health passes” attesting that a patient did not exhibit plague symptoms. A health pass issued by the Verona health … and heavy restrictions on travel due to the spread of plague (undated, likely 17th century). Cities and towns …
Lt. Cmdr. Raben Talvo (left), and Hospital Corpsman 1st Class Angela Ramirez (right) administer the San Diego Naval Medical Center's first monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment to a COVID-19-positive patient, January 26, 2021.

The Rhyme of History: What the Black Death tells us about COVID-19’s Aftermath

… introduction. Caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis , the plague emerged in central Asia in the 1330s, spread west … kings of Europe collapsed entirely. By some estimates, the plague cut Europe’s GDP in half. As Ranulf Higden wrote in … the panic was temporary. Although London was gripped with plague, new officials were appointed to fill vacant …
Plague doctor mask

The Black Death and Its Aftermath

When it was over, the populations of Europe, China, and India were cut by a third to a half.
… The Black Death was the second pandemic of bubonic plague and the most devastating pandemic in world history. It was a descendant of the ancient plague that had afflicted Rome, from 541 to 549 CE, during the time of emperor Justinian. The bubonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, persisted …

Another Silent Spring

… as a dark mass in the gut (left) . A photo from a 1975 plague victim shows necrosis of the hand, a characteristic … infection  (right). ​ Take for example the Justinianic plague of the 6 th -8th centuries CE, which killed half the … pestis (the same bacterium responsible for the Black Plague of 14 th century Europe, which killed a third of the …
Illustration of global public health by Giovanni Maki, 2004.

The WHO and International Public Health

… 10th conference in 1897 concerned preventing the spread of  plague  into Europe during the third plague  pandemic . Into the first decades of the 20th …
Ivan Aivazovsky, a Native of Feodosia, Crimea, is known as one of Russia's greatest painters, and one of the world's best at seascapes. The Battle of Sinop (Russian and Turkish Navies), 1853

Top Ten Origins: Stories from Crimea

… in 1347 when, Mongols hurled corpses infected with the plague over city walls—one of the first recorded cases of … Sea to the Mediterranean. Military debacles and disease plagued both Russia and the invading allies. Often evoked in …
The hazards of an enclosed work environment – a typist with cloth mask during the influenza pandemic in 1918.

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

… Cloth was used for makeshift masks during the Third Plague pandemic in China in 1911. Evidence showed that cloth covering could prevent the spread of the pneumonic plague through coughs. The Spanish Flu of 1918 saw wide use …
Plague Doctor

Responding to Pandemics—Both Past and Present

What can we learn from the public/medical responses during previous epidemics and pandemics to aid us in combating COVID-19 on the local, state, and national levels?
Grade Level
9-12
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Teaching Area
US History to 1877
US History since 1877
… health officers to previous pandemics such as the Black Plague, the 1849 Cincinnati Cholera outbreak, and the 1918 …
Cover of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer by Wendell E. Pritchett.

Invisible Man

Review of Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer , by Wendell E. Pritchett (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
… discrimination, segregation, and economic hardship still plague our society especially in American cities, where …
Two women in black hijab in Yemen

Yemen: Inside The Forgotten War

… think of humanitarian crises as forces of nature, droughts, plagues, crop failures. All of these, we assume, are the …
Aurangzeb in a pavilion with courtiers below.

Aurangzeb: Mughal Emperor

… whose intolerance instigated the communal violence that plagues South Asia today.  To Hindu nationalists, he is the …