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Mosaics from the apse in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna. Justinian is the figure in the center. The mosaics were completed in 547 CE.

The Justinianic Plague

… The “Justinianic Plague” is the popular name for a pandemic of bubonic plague in the Late Roman or Byzantine Empire, which first … years, ending ca. 750 CE. We call it the “Justinianic” plague because the first outbreak corresponds with the reign … The Justinianic Plague
A makeshift hospital in Iowa during the 1918 flu pandemic

Pandemics: Past, Present, Future

… From Plague to Influenza and HIV, learn about the history of … four time periods. And for those keeping score at home, the plagues the plagues are both bacterial while influenza and HIV are like …
Pieter Bruegel the Elder's 1562 painting "The Triumph of Death" depicts the turmoil Europe experienced as a result of the plague.

The Black Death and its Aftermath

… The Black Death was the second pandemic of bubonic plague and the most devastating pandemic in world history. It was a descendant of the ancient plague that had afflicted Rome, from 541 to 549 CE, during the time of emperor Justinian. The bubonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis , persisted …

Pandemics: Today and Yesterday

… evolution. These microbes have assumed many forms, from plague , influenza , and HIV to cholera, smallpox, polio, … a disease in people who were otherwise in good health: the Plague of Athens (430-426 BCE). The disease, he wrote, … Greek world from across the Mediterranean in North Africa. "Plague in an Ancient City" (1652-1654) by Michiel Sweerts …
Cover of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther's World and Legacy by Lyndal Roper.

The Legacy of Luther

Review of Living I Was Your Plague: Martin Luther’s World and Legacy, by Lyndal Roper (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021)
A COVID-19 antigen testing center in Warora, Maharashtra, India.

The Deep Roots of India’s COVID-19 Crisis

… disease, including of malaria, cholera , influenza , and plague . Interior of a temporary hospital for plague victims in Bombay, 1896-1897. For instance, the bubonic plague, which arrived in India in 1896 on the heels of a …
Afar community animal health worker describing the appearance and characteristics of rinderpest in cattle (photo credit: ILRI/Jeff Mariner).

The Second Disease Eradication: Rinderpest

… disease was called rinderpest, the German word for “cattle plague,” and it was vicious. It spread quickly and … government to join an expedition to India to study bubonic plague (he continued working on rinderpest there). Local …
Illustration of global public health by Giovanni Maki, 2004.

The WHO and International Public Health

… 10th conference in 1897 concerned preventing the spread of  plague  into Europe during the third plague  pandemic . Into the first decades of the 20th …
a corpse rising from the grave

Revenants, Vampires, and Ghosts, Oh My! European Folklore and the Supernatural

… religious last rites, especially from suicide, homicide, or plague The revenant would torment their friends and family … the generic vampire to Stoker’s name-brand Dracula, brings plague with him as he arrives on Germany’s shores. Like the … family and surrounding villagers succumb to the mysterious plague. Most significantly, both revenants and vampires …
Ivan Aivazovsky, a Native of Feodosia, Crimea, is known as one of Russia's greatest painters, and one of the world's best at seascapes. The Battle of Sinop (Russian and Turkish Navies), 1853

Top Ten Origins: Stories from Crimea

… in 1347 when, Mongols hurled corpses infected with the plague over city walls—one of the first recorded cases of … Sea to the Mediterranean. Military debacles and disease plagued both Russia and the invading allies. Often evoked in …
The hazards of an enclosed work environment – a typist with cloth mask during the influenza pandemic in 1918.

The Respirator and Cloth Mask

… Cloth was used for makeshift masks during the Third Plague pandemic in China in 1911. Evidence showed that cloth covering could prevent the spread of the pneumonic plague through coughs. The Spanish Flu of 1918 saw wide use …
Cover of Health, Healing and Illness in African History by Rebekah Lee.

Africa's Medical History Revealed

Review of Health, Healing and Illness in African History, by Rebekah Lee (London: Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2021)
… sickness, the Spanish Influenza , cholera , bubonic plague, HIV/AIDS , syphilis, leprosy, ebola as well as …
Plague Doctor

Responding to Pandemics—Both Past and Present

What can we learn from the public/medical responses during previous epidemics and pandemics to aid us in combating COVID-19 on the local, state, and national levels?
Grade Level
9-12
9
10
11
12
Teaching Area
US History to 1877
US History since 1877
… health officers to previous pandemics such as the Black Plague, the 1849 Cincinnati Cholera outbreak, and the 1918 …